{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:37:22Z","timestamp":1771857442411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There have been reports on regional variation in prevalence of hepatitis B and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>) infection, which indicates potential of spatial variation in liver cancer and gallbladder cancer incidence in Korea. Therefore, we aimed to assess the regional variation of liver and gallbladder cancer incidence and its determinants based on the regional distribution of risk factors, including hepatitis B infection in Korea.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study used an ecological study design and district-level cancer incidence statistics generated by the National Cancer Center. Spatial clusters of liver and gallbladder cancer incidence were detected based on spatial scan statistics using SaTScan\u2122 software. We set the size of maximum spatial scanning window of 25 and 35% of the population at risk for analyses of liver and gallbladder cancer, respectively. Significance level of 0.05 was used to reject the null hypothesis of no cluster. We fitted the Besag-York-Mollie model using integrated nested Laplace approximations to assess factors that influence the regional variation in cancer incidence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Spatial clusters with high liver cancer incidence rates were detected in the southwestern and southeastern regions of Korea. High gallbladder cancer incidence rates are clustered in the southeastern region. Regional liver cancer incidence can be accounted for the prevalence of high household income (coefficient, \u2212\u20090.10; 95% credible interval [CI], \u2212\u20090.18 to \u2212\u20090.02), marital status (coefficient, \u2212\u20090.14; 95% CI, \u2212\u20090.25 to \u2212\u20090.03), the incidence of hepatitis B (coefficient, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.44), and liver cancer screening (coefficient, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.12), while gallbladder cancer incidence was related to the prevalence of high household income (coefficient, \u2212\u20090.03; 95% CI, \u2212\u20090.05 to 0.00) and living close to a river with a high prevalence of liver fluke infection (coefficient, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.96).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study demonstrated geographic variation in liver and gallbladder cancer incidence, which can be explained by determinants such as hepatitis B, income, marital status, and living near a river.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12184-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T04:18:53Z","timestamp":1636863533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Spatial epidemiologic analysis of the liver cancer and gallbladder cancer incidence and its determinants in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jieun","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae-Sung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byung Chul","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"12184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2020.206","volume":"52","author":"S Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong S, Won YJ, Park YR, Jung KW, Kong HJ, Lee ES, et al. Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2017. Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):335\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4143\/crt.2020.206.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"27","key":"12184_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4300","volume":"14","author":"AI Gomaa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gomaa AI, Khan SA, Toledano MB, Waked I, Taylor-Robinson SD. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(27):4300\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.14.4300.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"12184_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132673","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132673","volume":"10","author":"J Xia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xia J, Jiang SC, Peng HJ. Association between liver fluke infection and hepatobiliary pathological changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132673.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"12184_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042471","volume":"7","author":"T Qiao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qiao T, Ma RH, Luo XB, Luo ZL, Zheng PM. Cholecystolithiasis is associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0042471.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"12184_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-011-9284-y","volume":"43","author":"T Rustagi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rustagi T, Dasanu CA. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma: similarities, differences and updates. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2012;43(2):137\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12029-011-9284-y.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"12184_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2010.05.002","volume":"36","author":"SV Shrikhande","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shrikhande SV, Barreto SG, Singh S, Udwadia TE, Agarwal AK. Cholelithiasis in gallbladder cancer: coincidence, cofactor, or cause! Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36(6):514\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2010.05.002.","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"12184_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2017.0104","volume":"23","author":"EJ Cho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cho EJ, Kim SE, Suk KT, An J, Jeong SW, Chung WJ, et al. Current status and strategies for hepatitis B control in Korea. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2017;23(3):205\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3350\/cmh.2017.0104.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"12184_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.2.215","volume":"54","author":"YI Jeong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeong YI, Shin HE, Lee SE, Cheun HI, Ju JW, Kim JY, et al. Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infection among residents along 5 major rivers in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(2):215\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.2.215.","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12184_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.86","volume":"15","author":"HG Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim HG, Han J, Kim MH, Cho KH, Shin IH, Kim GH, et al. Prevalence of clonorchiasis in patients with gastrointestinal disease: a Korean nationwide multicenter survey. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(1):86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.15.86.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"12184_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2017.411","volume":"50","author":"YJ Won","year":"2018","unstructured":"Won YJ, Jung KW, Oh CM, Park EH, Kong HJ, Lee DH, et al. Geographical variations and trends in major cancer incidences throughout Korea during 1999-2013. Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(4):1281\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4143\/crt.2017.411.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"12184_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2960","volume":"35","author":"S Hashtarkhani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashtarkhani S, Kiani B, Bergquist R, Bagheri N, VafaeiNejad R, Tara M. An age-integrated approach to improve measurement of potential spatial accessibility to emergency medical services for urban areas. Int J Health Plann Manag. 2020;35(3):788\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpm.2960.","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"12184_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.12.001","volume":"27","author":"RS Kirby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirby RS, Delmelle E, Eberth JM. Advances in spatial epidemiology and geographic information systems. Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.12.001.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"12184_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6735","volume":"112","author":"P Elliott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elliott P, Wartenberg D. Spatial epidemiology: current approaches and future challenges. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(9):998\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.6735.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"12184_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1086\/647301","volume":"17","author":"D Birnbaum","year":"1996","unstructured":"Birnbaum D, Jacquez GM, Waller LA, Grimson R, Wartenberg D. The analysis of disease clusters, part I: state of the art. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996;17(5):319\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/647301.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"12184_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08148-1","volume":"21","author":"B Kiani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiani B, Hashemi Amin F, Bagheri N, Bergquist R, Mohammadi AA, Yousefi M, et al. Association between heavy metals and colon cancer: an ecological study based on geographical information systems in north-eastern Iran. BMC Cancer. 2021;21(1):414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-021-08148-1.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"12184_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2017.504","volume":"12","author":"R Roquette","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roquette R, Painho M, Nunes B. Spatial epidemiology of cancer: a review of data sources, methods and risk factors. Geospat Health. 2017;12(1):504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/gh.2017.504.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"12184_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2015.05.003","volume":"6","author":"YW Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang YW, Ko YS, Kim YJ, Sung KM, Kim HJ, Choi HY, et al. Korea community health survey data profiles. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(3):211\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrp.2015.05.003.","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"12184_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-58","volume":"8","author":"M Kulldorff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kulldorff M, Huang L, Konty K. A scan statistic for continuous data based on the normal probability model. Int J Health Geogr. 2009;8(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-072X-8-58.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"12184_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100640","volume":"12","author":"SM Lynch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lynch SM, Wiese D, Ortiz A, Sorice KA, Nguyen M, Gonz\u00e1lez ET, et al. Towards precision public health: geospatial analytics and sensitivity\/specificity assessments to inform liver cancer prevention. SSM Popul Health. 2020;12:100640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100640.","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12184_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-28","volume":"7","author":"Y Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yi Q, Mao Y. Cluster of liver cancer and immigration: a geographic analysis of incidence data for Ontario 1998-2002. Int J Health Geogr. 2008;7(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-072X-7-28.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"7","key":"12184_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0897-8","volume":"28","author":"MM Ford","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ford MM, Ivanina E, Desai P, Highfield L, Qiao B, Schymura MJ, et al. Geographic epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis, and socioeconomic position in new York City. Cancer Causes Control. 2017;28(7):779\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-017-0897-8.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"12184_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.01.020","volume":"128","author":"J Garcia-Perez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia-Perez J, Lopez-Abente G, Castello A, Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Fernandez-Navarro P. Cancer mortality in towns in the vicinity of installations for the production of cement, lime, plaster, and magnesium oxide. Chemosphere. 2015;128:103\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.01.020.","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"issue":"6","key":"12184_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23662","volume":"123","author":"ME Andia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andia ME, Hsing AW, Andreotti G, Ferreccio C. Geographic variation of gallbladder cancer mortality and risk factors in Chile: a population-based ecologic study. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(6):1411\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.23662.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"12184_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.141984","volume":"4","author":"M Krishnatreya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krishnatreya M, Saikia A, Kataki A, Sharma J, Baruah M. Variations in the spatial distribution of gall bladder cancer: a call for collaborative action. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(3):329\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2141-9248.141984.","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"12184_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"59","author":"IARC","year":"1994","unstructured":"IARC. Working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Hepatitis Viruses World Health Organization. 1994;59:1\u2013255.","journal-title":"Hepatitis Viruses World Health Organization"},{"issue":"11","key":"12184_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2018.19.11.3193","volume":"19","author":"R Tanaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanaka R, Matsuzaka M, Sasaki Y. Influence of income on cancer incidence and death among patients in Aomori. Japan Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(11):3193\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31557\/APJCP.2018.19.11.3193.","journal-title":"Japan Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"12184_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0206374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206374","volume":"13","author":"JK Suh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suh JK, Lee J, Lee JH, Shin S, Tchoe HJ, Kwon JW. Risk factors for developing liver cancer in people with and without liver disease. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0206374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0206374.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"12184_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209442","volume":"14","author":"E Beard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beard E, Brown J, West R, Kaner E, Meier P, Michie S. Associations between socio-economic factors and alcohol consumption: a population survey of adults in England. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0209442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0209442.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"12184_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836074.037","volume":"14","author":"YH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim YH, Kim H, Jee H. Effects of socioeconomic status, health behavior, and physical activity on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018;14(2):183\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12965\/jer.1836074.037.","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"12184_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5575-6","volume":"18","author":"S Tosun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tosun S, Ayg\u00fcn O, \u00d6zdemir H\u00d6, Korkmaz E, \u00d6zdemir D. The impact of economic and social factors on the prevalence of hepatitis B in Turkey. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5575-6.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"12184_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19272","volume":"14","author":"KA Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim KA, Lee JS. Prevalence, awareness, and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in South Korea: evidence from the Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey. Gut Liver. 2020;14(5):644\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5009\/gnl19272.","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"2","key":"12184_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx071","volume":"40","author":"A Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim A, Lee JA, Park HS. Health behaviors and illness according to marital status in middle-aged Koreans. J Public Health (Oxf). 2018;40(2):e99\u2013e106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx071.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"12184_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.14.034","volume":"48","author":"SY Jang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jang SY, Jang SI, Bae HC, Shin J, Park EC. Sex differences associated with hepatitis B virus surface antigen seropositivity unwareness in hepatitis B virus surface antigen-positive adults: 2007-2012 Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey. J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(2):74\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/jpmph.14.034.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"12184_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603703","volume":"96","author":"SC Larsson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Larsson SC, Wolk A. Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2007;96(9):1457\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603703.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"12184_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2017.279","volume":"50","author":"Y Wi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wi Y, Woo H, Won YJ, Jang JY, Shin A. Trends in gallbladder cancer incidence and survival in Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(4):1444\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4143\/crt.2017.279.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12184-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12184-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12184-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T16:02:51Z","timestamp":1636905771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12184-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12184-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol of this study was exempt from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Korea University (IRB No. KUIRB-2021-0037-01) since we used secondary data that information is not individually identifiable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2090"}}