{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:22:57Z","timestamp":1787239377973,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Animal bites are a major public health problem. The more serious the bite wound is, the higher the risk of developing rabies is. This study aimed to investigate the severity of wounds among animal bite victims and identify the influencing factors in Wuhan, China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1015 animal bite victims visiting rabies prevention clinics. We performed a face-to-face interview to collect information on the exposure category of the bite wound, the type of the offending animal, exposure-to-risk situations, etc. Factors associated with exposure categories were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five hundred and sixty-four (55.57%) cases were category III exposures, 418 (41.18%) were category II exposures, and 33 (3.25%) were category I exposures. People who were hurt by their own domestic animals (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14\u20132.10), and those exposed to animals unvaccinated against rabies (OR\u2009=\u20091.45, 95% CI: 1.08\u20131.95) had a higher risk for category III exposures. Respondents who did not know the fatality of rabies were more likely to be injured seriously compared to those who knew that rabies is fatal, and the OR was 1.40 (95% CI, 1.05\u20131.86).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study showed that factors associated with the severity of bite wounds mainly included types of the offending animal, vaccination status of the animal, and knowledge of rabies fatality. Educational programs and awareness-raising campaigns should be provided to decrease severe animal bites, especially targeting pet owners and those with limited rabies knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12207-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T09:02:36Z","timestamp":1637312556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The wound severity of animal bite victims visiting rabies prevention clinics and the influencing factors in Central China: a cross-sectional investigation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanlin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuxun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"12207_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01447.x","volume":"10","author":"EM Fevre","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fevre EM, Kaboyo RW, Persson V, Edelsten M, Coleman PG, Cleaveland S. The epidemiology of animal bite injuries in Uganda and projections of the burden of rabies. Tropical Med Int Health. 2005;10(8):790\u20138.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"issue":"25","key":"12207_CR2","first-page":"433","volume":"112","author":"K Rothe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rothe K, Tsokos M, Handrick W. Animal and human bite wounds. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(25):433\u201342 quiz 43.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"12207_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70110-0","volume":"9","author":"LO Richard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richard LO, Ana PV, Michelle M, Jorge L, Sandra G. Bite-related and septic syndromes caused by cats and dogs. Lancet Infect. 2009;9:439\u201347.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"12207_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002216","volume":"7","author":"WT Jemberu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jemberu WT, Molla W, Almaw G, Alemu S. Incidence of rabies in humans and domestic animals and people's awareness in North Gondar zone, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(5):e2216.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"12207_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","volume":"9","author":"K Hampson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, et al. Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(4):e0003709.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"12207_CR6","volume-title":"WHO guide for rabies pre and post exposure prophylaxis in humans","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO guide for rabies pre and post exposure prophylaxis in humans; 2010. https:\/\/www.whoint\/rabies\/PEP_prophylaxis_guidelines_June10pdf. Accessed 25 Jul 2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"12207_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-6189(14)60006-8","volume":"3","author":"H Kassiri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kassiri H, Kassiri A, Lotfi M, Shahkarami B, Hosseini S-S. Animal bite incidence in the county of shush, , Iran. J Acute Dis. 2014;3(1):26\u201330.","journal-title":"J Acute Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"12207_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12101","volume":"61","author":"K Bottoms","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bottoms K, Trotz-Williams L, Hutchison S, MacLeod J, Dixon J, Berke O, et al. An evaluation of rabies vaccination rates among canines and felines involved in biting incidents within the Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph public health department. Zoonoses Public Health. 2014;61(7):499\u2013508.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12207_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1626-2-44","volume":"2","author":"T Walker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walker T, Modayil P, Cascarini L, Collyer J. Dog bite- fracture of the mandible in a 9 month old infant: a case report. Cases J. 2009;2(1):44.","journal-title":"Cases J"},{"key":"12207_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0182-5","volume":"47","author":"M Abedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abedi M, Doosti-Irani A, Jahanbakhsh F, Sahebkar A. Epidemiology of animal bite in Iran during a 20-year period (1993-2013): a meta-analysis. Trop Med Health. 2019;47:55.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"12207_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13974","volume":"61","author":"T Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi T, Tsurukiri J, Hoshiai A, Konishi H, Arai T. Domestic animal bites in infants: potential risk of fatal maltreatment. Pediatr Int. 2019;61(11):1175\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"12207_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.02.002","volume":"179","author":"B Rosado","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosado B, Garcia-Belenguer S, Leon M, Palacio J. A comprehensive study of dog bites in Spain, 1995-2004. Vet J. 2009;179(3):383\u201391.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"12207_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14202","volume":"1452","author":"F Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen F, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Shi J, Luba TR, Hundera AD, et al. Risk of human exposure to animal bites in China: a clinic-based cross-sectional study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1452(1):78\u201387.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"12207_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1141372","volume":"22","author":"JM Ramos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramos JM, Melendez N, Reyes F, Gudiso G, Biru D, Fano G, et al. Epidemiology of animal bites and other potential rabies exposures and anti-rabies vaccine utilization in a rural area in southern Ethiopia. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22(1):76\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"12207_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002574","volume":"7","author":"SM Zaidi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zaidi SM, Labrique AB, Khowaja S, Lotia-Farrukh I, Irani J, Salahuddin N, et al. Geographic variation in access to dog-bite care in Pakistan and risk of dog-bite exposure in Karachi: prospective surveillance using a low-cost mobile phone system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(12):e2574.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"12207_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001391","volume":"5","author":"DNK Tenzin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tenzin DNK, Gyeltshen T, Firestone S, Zangmo C, Dema C, et al. Dog bites in humans and estimating human rabies mortality in rabies endemic areas of Bhutan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(11):e1391.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"12207_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1394-5","volume":"16","author":"SA Kularatne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kularatne SA, Ralapanawa DM, Weerakoon K, Bokalamulla UK, Abagaspitiya N. Pattern of animal bites and post exposure prophylaxis in rabies: a five year study in a tertiary care unit in Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:62.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"12207_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2016.06.004","volume":"7","author":"R Dehghani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dehghani R, Sharif A, Madani M, Kashani HH, Sharif MR. Factors influencing animal bites in Iran: a descriptive study. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(4):273\u20137.","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"12207_CR19","first-page":"27","volume":"40","author":"RL Ichhpujani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ichhpujani RL, Mala C, Veena M, Singh J, Bhardwaj M, Bhattacharya D, et al. Epidemiology of animal bites and rabies cases in India. A multicentric study. J Commun Disord. 2008;40(1):27\u201336.","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"12207_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5888-5","volume":"18","author":"JN Ngugi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ngugi JN, Maza AK, Omolo OJ, Obonyo M. Epidemiology and surveillance of human animal-bite injuries and rabies post-exposure prophylaxis, in selected counties in Kenya, 2011-2016. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):996.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"12207_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1285474","volume":"13","author":"J Krzowska-Firych","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krzowska-Firych J, Tomasiewicz K, Kozoowska A. Post-exposure rabies prophylaxis in humans exposed to animals in Lublin province (eastern Poland) in 2012-2015 - a retrospective study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(6):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"12207_CR22","first-page":"76","volume":"11","author":"D Mohammad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mohammad D, Rasool S, Farzad G. Epidemiological survey of animal bites in Kalaleh district, north of Iran (2003-2005). J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2009;11(1):76\u20139.","journal-title":"J Gorgan Univ Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"12207_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.03.009","volume":"54","author":"S Simani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simani S, Fayaz A, Rahimi P, Eslami N, Howeizi N, Biglari P. Six fatal cases of classical rabies virus without biting incidents, Iran 1990-2010. J Clin Virol. 2012;54(3):251\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"12207_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_37_17","volume":"42","author":"OK Bharti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bharti OK, Chand R, Chauhan A, Rao R, Sharma H, Phull A. \u201cscratches\/abrasions without bleeding\u201d cause rabies: a 7 years rabies death review from medical college Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J Community Med. 2017;42(4):248\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12207-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12207-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12207-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T09:02:43Z","timestamp":1637312563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12207-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12207-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. All participants read the objective statement of the investigation and signed informed consent. Written informed consent was attained from all the guardians of minors (under 18\u2009years old) after an explanation of the research purpose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2125"}}