{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:48:44Z","timestamp":1792511324526,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The feminist theory posits that spousal coercive control is not random but a purposeful and systematic men\u2019s strategy to control and dominate their female partners. The frequency of coercive control is more than emotional, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV). Coercive control is usually mistaken with psychological abuse when it is not and has recently gained independent attention within the spectrum of IPV. The role of socioeconomic factors in determining coercive control and associations between coercive control and form of IPV is less researched.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to examine sociodemographic and socioeconomic predictors of spousal coercive control and its association with IPV (past 12-months).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data of 66,013 ever-married women aged 15-49 from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 (2015-2016). Estimates involved bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models, and marginal effects prediction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of spousal coercive control is more commonly reported by 48% of women than the prevalence of IPV 25% (emotional 11%, physical 22%, and sexual 5%) in the past 12 months. Adjusted odds ratio indicate that women having three and more children (aOR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2), women work status (1.1; 1.1-1.2), husband\u2019s secondary (1.1; 1.1-1.2) or higher education (1.1; 1.1-1.2), and husband alcohol consumption (1.7; 1.6-1.7) increase the odds of coercive control. In the fully adjusted model coercive control independently increased the likelihood of experiencing emotional (aOR 2.8.; 95% CI: 2.6, 3.1), physical (2.2; 2.1, 2.3), and sexual (2.5; 2.3, 2.8) IPV in the past 12 months; and with an increase in each additional indicator of coercive control acts, the likelihood of physical, sexual, and emotional IPV further increases. When women reported six indicators of coercive control, the predicted proportion of women experiencing emotional 53%, physical 45%, and sexual IPV was 25% in the fully adjusted model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coercive control limits women\u2019s social support and contacts contributing to low self-esteem, self-efficacy, and poor mental health. The purpose of this study is to highlight that understudied coercive control is more common than other forms of IPV and is a potential risk factor for physical, sexual, and emotional IPV independently. The inclusion of coercive control in interventions is crucial to prevent form of IPV. Survivals long-term safety and independence can be secured if the current protection law against domestic violence is extended to encompass coercive control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12232-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T10:03:15Z","timestamp":1638180195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Predictors of spousal coercive control and its association with intimate partner violence evidence from National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-2016) India"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Suman","family":"Kanougiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthusamy","family":"Sivakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"12232_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018. Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization, on behalf of the United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence Against Women Estimation and Data (UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UNSD, UNWomen); 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"12232_CR2","volume-title":"WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women","author":"C Garc\u00eda-Moreno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005."},{"key":"12232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2004.00031.x","volume":"66","author":"C Kaukinen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaukinen C. Status compatibility, physical violence, and emotional abuse in intimate relationships. J Marriage Fam. 2004;66:452\u201371.","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"key":"12232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macmillan R, Gartner R. When she brings home the bacon: Labor-force participation and the risk of spousal violence against women. J Marriage Fam. 1999:947\u201358.","DOI":"10.2307\/354015"},{"key":"12232_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark. Interpersonal violence. Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. In Book Interpersonal violence. Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life (Editor ed.^eds.). City: Oxford University Press; 2007.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195154276.001.0001"},{"key":"12232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121400","volume":"310","author":"C Garcia-Moreno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garcia-Moreno C, Heise L, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Watts C. Violence against women. Science. 2005;310:1282\u20133.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"12232_CR7","unstructured":"WHO. WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.World Health Organization. In Book WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.World Health Organization. (Editor ed.^eds.). City: World Health Organization; 2005."},{"key":"12232_CR8","unstructured":"Pence E, Paymar M: Power and control: Tactics of men who batter. Duluth: Minnesota Program development. In Book power and control: tactics of men who batter. Duluth: Minnesota Program Development (Editor ed.^eds.). City: Inc; 1986."},{"key":"12232_CR9","unstructured":"Raven B, Centers R, Rodrigues A. The bases of conjugal power. Power in families. In Book the bases of conjugal power. Power in families (Editor ed.^eds.). City: New York: Halstead; 1975."},{"key":"12232_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511570919","volume-title":"Coercive power in social exchange","author":"LD Molm","year":"1997","unstructured":"Molm LD. Coercive power in social exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997."},{"key":"12232_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aizpurua E, Copp J, Ricarte JJ, V\u00e1zquez D. Controlling behaviors and intimate partner violence among women in Spain: An examination of individual, partner, and relationship risk factors for physical and psychological abuse. J Interpers Violence. 2017;0886260517723744.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517723744"},{"key":"12232_CR12","unstructured":"Stark E. Re-presenting battered women: coercive control and the defense of liberty. In conference Violence Against Women: Complex Realities and New Issues in a Changing World, Les Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec. 2012"},{"key":"12232_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539510384499","volume":"24","author":"K Dalal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dalal K, Lindqvist K. A national study of the prevalence and correlates of domestic violence among women in India. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2012;24:265\u201377.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12201","volume":"77","author":"JL Hardesty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hardesty JL, Crossman KA, Haselschwerdt ML, Raffaelli M, Ogolsky BG, Johnson MP. Toward a standard approach to operationalizing coercive control and classifying violence types. J Marriage Fam. 2015;77:833\u201343.","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"key":"12232_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"N Glass","year":"2004","unstructured":"Glass N, Manganello J, Campbell J. Risk for intimate partner femicide in violent relationships. DV Rep. 2004;9:1.","journal-title":"DV Rep"},{"key":"12232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-1617.2010.01329.x","volume":"48","author":"CJ Beck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beck CJ, Raghavan C. Intimate partner abuse screening in custody mediation: The importance of assessing coercive control. Fam Court Rev. 2010;48:555\u201365.","journal-title":"Fam Court Rev"},{"key":"12232_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn049","volume":"167","author":"LK Ackerson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ackerson LK, Subramanian S. Domestic violence and chronic malnutrition among women and children in India. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:1188\u201396.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"12232_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-1617.2008.00215.x","volume":"46","author":"JB Kelly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelly JB, Johnson MP. Differentiation among types of intimate partner violence: Research update and implications for interventions. Fam Court Rev. 2008;46:476\u201399.","journal-title":"Fam Court Rev"},{"key":"12232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801206293333","volume":"12","author":"SL Cook","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cook SL, Goodman LA. Beyond frequency and severity:development and validation of the brief coercion and conflict scales. Violence Against Women. 2006;12:1050\u201372.","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"12232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1137-1","volume":"17","author":"M Mandal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mandal M, Hindin MJ. Men\u2019s controlling behaviors and women\u2019s experiences of physical violence in Malawi. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17:1332\u20138.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"12232_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-143","volume":"9","author":"G Krantz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krantz G, Vung ND. 2The role of controlling behaviour in intimate partner violence and its health effects: a population based study from rural Vietnam. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:143.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1986-6","volume":"9","author":"D Sapkota","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sapkota D, Bhattarai S, Baral D, Pokharel PK. Domestic violence and its associated factors among married women of a village development committee of rural Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:178.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"12232_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-511","volume":"11","author":"D Antai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Antai D. Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:511.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4222-y","volume":"17","author":"S L\u00f6vestad","year":"2017","unstructured":"L\u00f6vestad S, L\u00f6ve J, Vaez M, Krantz G. Prevalence of intimate partner violence and its association with symptoms of depression; a cross-sectional study based on a female population sample in Sweden. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:335.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.10.021","volume":"66","author":"AB Ludermir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ludermir AB, Schraiber LB, D'Oliveira AF, Fran\u00e7a-Junior I, Jansen HA. Violence against women by their intimate partner and common mental disorders. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66:1008\u201318.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"12232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.599","volume":"15","author":"MA Pico-Alfonso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pico-Alfonso MA, Garcia-Linares MI, Celda-Navarro N, Blasco-Ros C, Echebur\u00faa E, Martinez M. The impact of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence on women's mental health: depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and suicide. J Women's Health. 2006;15:599\u2013611.","journal-title":"J Women's Health"},{"key":"12232_CR27","unstructured":"Lundgren E. Slagen dam: m\u00e4ns v\u00e5ld mot kvinnor i j\u00e4mst\u00e4llda Sverige: en omf\u00e5ngsunders\u00f6kning. Brottsoffermyndigheten. 2001."},{"key":"12232_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00056-3","volume":"51","author":"M Ellsberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ellsberg M, Pe\u00f1a R, Herrera A, Liljestrand J, Winkvist A. Candies in hell: women\u2019s experiences of violence in Nicaragua. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:1595\u2013610.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"12232_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-008-9162-y","volume":"23","author":"N Graham-Kevan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Graham-Kevan N, Archer J. Does controlling behavior predict physical aggression and violence to partners? J Fam Violence. 2008;23:539.","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"12232_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.7.1089","volume":"93","author":"JC Campbell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Campbell JC, Webster D, Koziol-McLain J, Block C, Campbell D, Curry MA, et al. Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multisite case control study. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1089\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199914784.001.0001","volume-title":"When men murder women","author":"RE Dobash","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dobash RE, Dobash R. When men murder women. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015."},{"key":"12232_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516675464","volume":"34","author":"A Myhill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Myhill A, Hohl K. The \u201cgolden thread\u201d: coercive control and risk assessment for domestic violence. J Interpers Violence. 2019;34:4477\u201397.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"12232_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanougiya S, Daruwalla N, Gram L, Sivakami M, Osrin D. Domestic coercive control and common mental disorders among women in informal settlements in Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional survey. J Interpers Violence. 2021;08862605211030293.","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211030293"},{"key":"12232_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01735-5","volume":"55","author":"R Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson R, Nandi A, Jaswal S, Harper S. The effect of intimate partner violence on women\u2019s mental distress: a prospective cohort study of 3010 rural Indian women. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020;55:71\u20139.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"12232_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-10-31","volume":"10","author":"R Adhikari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adhikari R, Tamang J. Sexual coercion of married women in Nepal. BMC Womens Health. 2010;10:31.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"12232_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/17486838408412648","volume":"1","author":"K Yilo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Yilo K, Straus MA. The impact of structural inequality and sexist family norms on rates of W1fe-Beat1ng. J Int Comp Soc Welf. 1984;1:16\u201329.","journal-title":"J Int Comp Soc Welf"},{"key":"12232_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.023978","volume":"95","author":"X Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu X, Zhu F, O\u2019Campo P, Koenig MA, Mock V, Campbell J. Prevalence of and risk factors for intimate partner violence in China. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:78\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR38","unstructured":"IIPS, [ICF]. India National Family Health Survey NFHS-4 2015\u201316. Mumbai, India 2017."},{"key":"12232_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee R, Joshi RK. Controlling behavior and intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional study in an urban area of Delhi, India. J Interpers Violence. 2019;0886260519876720.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519876720"},{"key":"12232_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_84_19","volume":"44","author":"A Ram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ram A, Victor CP, Christy H, Hembrom S, Cherian AG, Mohan VR. Domestic violence and its determinants among 15\u201349-year-old women in a rural block in South India. Indian J Community Med. 2019;44:362.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"12232_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad J, Khan N, Mozumdar A. Spousal violence against women in India: A social\u2013ecological analysis using data from the National Family Health Survey 2015 to 2016. J Interpers Violence. 2019:0886260519881530.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519881530"},{"key":"12232_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109","volume":"11","author":"T Abramsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abramsky T, Watts CH, Garcia-Moreno C, Devries K, Kiss L, Ellsberg M, et al. What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:1\u201317.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-129","volume":"9","author":"BV Babu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Babu BV, Kar SK. Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:129.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR44","first-page":"27","volume":"4","author":"PS Shrivastava","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shrivastava PS, Shrivastava SR. A study of spousal domestic violence in an urban slum of Mumbai. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4:27.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"12232_CR45","volume-title":"Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. In Book Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women (Editor ed.^eds.)","author":"WHO","year":"2001","unstructured":"WHO. Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. In Book Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women (Editor ed.^eds.). City: World Health Organization; 2001."},{"key":"12232_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2013.64.5.402","volume":"64","author":"H Kang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kang H. The prevention and handling of the missing data. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013;64:402\u20136.","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"12232_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","volume":"2","author":"M Tavakol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53.","journal-title":"Int J Med Educ"},{"key":"12232_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844975","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2020.1844975","volume":"13","author":"T Tun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tun T, Ostergren PO. Spousal violence against women and its association with sociodemographic factors and husbands\u2019 controlling behaviour: the findings of Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (2015-2016). Glob Health Action. 2020;13:1844975.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"12232_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1365712717725535","volume":"22","author":"C Bishop","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bishop C, Bettinson V. Evidencing domestic violence*, including behaviour that falls under the new offence of \u2018controlling or coercive behaviour\u2019. Int J Evid Proof. 2018;22:3\u201329.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Proof"},{"key":"12232_CR50","first-page":"60","volume":"13","author":"K Butterworth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Butterworth K, Westmarland N. Victims\u2019 views on policing partner violence. Eur Pol Sci Res Bull. 2015;13:60.","journal-title":"Eur Pol Sci Res Bull"},{"key":"12232_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2010.482260","volume":"13","author":"M Hester","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hester M, Donovan C, Fahmy E. Feminist epistemology and the politics of method: surveying same sex domestic violence. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2010;13:251\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"12232_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1177\/10778010022182128","volume":"6","author":"WS DeKeseredy","year":"2000","unstructured":"DeKeseredy WS. Current controversies on defining nonlethal violence against women in intimate heterosexual relationships: Empirical implications. Violence Against Women. 2000;6:728\u201346.","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"12232_CR53","volume-title":"\u201c Intimate\u201d violence against women: when spouses, partners, or lovers attack","author":"PK Lundberg-Love","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lundberg-Love PK, Marmion SL, Marmion S. \u201c Intimate\u201d violence against women: when spouses, partners, or lovers attack. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group; 2006."},{"key":"12232_CR54","volume-title":"Domestic violence in India\u2212 a summary report of a multi-site household survey","author":"R Ahuja","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ahuja R, Bangdiwala S, Bhambal S, Jain D, Jeyaseelan L, Kumar S, et al. Domestic violence in India\u2212 a summary report of a multi-site household survey. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women; 2000."},{"key":"12232_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.050872","volume":"96","author":"MA Koenig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koenig MA, Stephenson R, Ahmed S, Jejeebhoy SJ, Campbell J. Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:132\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"12232_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn226","volume":"38","author":"CH Rocca","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rocca CH, Rathod S, Falle T, Pande RP, Krishnan S. Challenging assumptions about women's empowerment: social and economic resources and domestic violence among young married women in urban South India. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38:577\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"12232_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2014.00650.x","volume":"40","author":"A Weitzman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weitzman A. Women's and men's relative status and intimate partner violence in India. Popul Dev Rev. 2014;40:55\u201375.","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"12232_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167438","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167438","volume":"11","author":"TD Tran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tran TD, Nguyen H, Fisher J. Attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women among women and men in 39 low-and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0167438.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12232_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187884","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187884","volume":"12","author":"RK Biswas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Biswas RK, Rahman N, Kabir E, Raihan F. Women\u2019s opinion on the justification of physical spousal violence: A quantitative approach to model the most vulnerable households in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0187884.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12232_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515573574","volume":"31","author":"B Donta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donta B, Nair S, Begum S, Prakasam C. Association of domestic violence from husband and women empowerment in slum community, Mumbai. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31:2227\u201339.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"12232_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-8991-0","volume":"35","author":"AJ Gage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gage AJ, Hutchinson PL. Power, control, and intimate partner sexual violence in Haiti. Arch Sex Behav. 2006;35:11\u201324.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"12232_CR62","unstructured":"Kishor S, Johnson K. Profiling domestic violence: a multi-country study. MEASURE DHS+, ORC Macro; 2004."},{"key":"12232_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1385.024","volume":"1087","author":"NF Russo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Russo NF, Pirlott A. Gender-based violence: concepts, methods, and findings. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1087:178\u2013205.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"12232_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson MP. Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. J Marriage Fam. 1995:283\u201394.","DOI":"10.2307\/353683"},{"key":"12232_CR65","volume-title":"Research as social action: The struggle for battered women","author":"RE Dobash","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dobash RE, Dobash RP. Research as social action: The struggle for battered women; 1988."},{"key":"12232_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/15246090260137644","volume":"11","author":"AL Coker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Coker AL, Smith PH, Thompson MP, McKeown RE, Bethea L, Davis KE. Social support protects against the negative effects of partner violence on mental health. J Womens Health Gender Based Med. 2002;11:465\u201376.","journal-title":"J Womens Health Gender Based Med"},{"key":"12232_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028931","volume":"139","author":"JF Sowislo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sowislo JF, Orth U. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull. 2013;139:213.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"12232_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/09627250608553400","volume":"66","author":"M Hester","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hester M, Westmarland N. Domestic violence perpetrators. Crim Justice Matters. 2006;66:34\u20135.","journal-title":"Crim Justice Matters"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12232-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12232-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12232-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T08:32:51Z","timestamp":1699864371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12232-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12232-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research design, including the content of all the survey questionnaires of the NFHS-4, was reviewed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and approved by both the ICF Institutional Review Board and the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Institutional Review Board. All methods (use of data) were performed in compliance with the Declarations of Helsinki. The data used in our study were anonymized and no personal identity was compromised.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"NA\/Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"No, I declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by BMC or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and\/or discussion reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2185"}}