{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:28:11Z","timestamp":1792358891766,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Global studies on adolescent victims of violence require serious attention due to the possibility that underreported cases may be higher than official records indicate. Since Indonesia expects to witness a demographic bonus, extensive research is needed to strengthen early detection, case handling, and prevention. Here, we report the outcomes of a survey on physical, verbal, and sexual violence experienced by adolescents in West Java, an Indonesian province inhabited by 18% of the country\u2019s total population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2017 using the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C) questionnaire for detecting child abuse; an expert panel translated, simplified, and validated it based on a theoretical framework that combines paediatrics, public health, and medicolegal perspectives. We aimed to cover a large sample size and explore three types of violence (physical, verbal, and sexual) that have high evidentiary value in the forensic context. The respondents were adolescents in the first and second grades of middle school (12 to 14\u2009years old) and high school (15 to 17\u2009years old) in seven cities\/municipalities in the province, selected through several stages of simple random sampling (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093452). We analysed the samples through univariate (percentage), odds ratio (OR), comparison, correlation, and correspondence analyses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results showed that 78.7% of the adolescents experienced violence in 2017, comprising those who encountered at least one incidence of physical violence (43.1%), verbal violence (12.2%), and sexual violence (4.5%). Data overlap includes 14.3% who experienced one type of violence in 2017, 7.4% who experienced two forms of violence, and 1.4% who underwent all three kinds of violence. The offenders were mainly adolescents across all types of violence, except for being forced to engage in sexual intercourse. Several victims of sexual violence did not state who the offenders were. Further, several characteristics showed a higher chance of experiencing violence than other characteristics, especially for adolescents who were still in middle school and those who lived only with their mothers. Correspondence analysis suggested subtle differences between characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We expect this study to help identify risk and protective factors that are essential to strengthening early detection efforts, decisive medicolegal examinations, case handling, and policy-making.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12427-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T07:02:39Z","timestamp":1641625359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cross-sectional survey of underreported violence experienced by adolescents: a study from Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yoni","family":"Syukriani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Noviandhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Arisanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. P.","family":"Setiawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. K.","family":"Rusmil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Dhamayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Sekarwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"12427_CR1","volume-title":"Responding to children and adolescents who have been sexually abused: WHO Clinical Guideline","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Responding to children and adolescents who have been sexually abused: WHO Clinical Guideline. Geneva: Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; 2017. https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/violence\/clinical-response-csa\/en\/ [Accessed: 21 Feb 2017]"},{"key":"12427_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on preventing violence against children. Geneva: Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; 0. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240004191 [Accessed: 03 March 2021]"},{"key":"12427_CR3","volume-title":"Hidden in plain sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children","author":"The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2014","unstructured":"The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Hidden in plain sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children. New York: UNICEF; 2014. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/reports\/hidden-plain-sight [Accessed: 21 Feb 2017]"},{"key":"12427_CR4","volume-title":"Health for the world\u2019s adolescents:a second chance in the second decade. Summary","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Health for the world\u2019s adolescents:a second chance in the second decade. Summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/substance-use\/1612-mncah-hwa-executive-summary.pdf?sfvrsn=c320d63b_2 [Accessed: 20 Feb 2017]"},{"key":"12427_CR5","volume-title":"Preventing and responding to violence against children and adolescents","author":"The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2017","unstructured":"The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Preventing and responding to violence against children and adolescents. 2017 https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/documents\/preventing-and-responding-violence-against-children-and-adolescents-theory-change [Accessed: 21 Feb 2018]"},{"key":"12427_CR6","volume-title":"Child Disciplinary Practices at Home Evidence from a Range of Low- and Middle-Income Countries","author":"The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2010","unstructured":"The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Child Disciplinary Practices at Home Evidence from a Range of Low- and Middle-Income Countries. 2010 https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/resources\/child-disciplinary-practices-at-home-evidence-from-a-range-of-low-and-middle-income-countries\/ [Accessed: 21 Feb 2017]"},{"key":"12427_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2020.11.018","volume":"34","author":"E Torazzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Torazzi E, Merelli V, Barbara G, Kustermann A, Marasciuolo L, Collini F, et al. Similarity and Differences in Sexual Violence Against Adolescents and Adult Women:The Need to Focus on Adolescent Victims. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2021;34:302\u201310 https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1083318820303715.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"26","key":"12427_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001822","volume":"2015","author":"IC Hoppe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoppe IC, Kordahi AM, Lee ES, Granick MS. Pediatric facial fractures: Interpersonal violence as a mechanism of injury. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;2015(26):1446\u20139 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26106996\/.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"12427_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","volume":"373","author":"R Gilbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009;373:68\u201381 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19056114\/.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"12427_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2018.1476600","volume":"25","author":"J Svensson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Svensson J, Baer N, Silva T. Adolescents\u2019 level of knowledge of and supportive attitudes to sexual crime in the Swedish context. J Sex Aggress. 2019;25(2):75\u201389 https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13552600.2018.1476600 [Accessed: 05 March 2021].","journal-title":"J Sex Aggress"},{"key":"12427_CR11","unstructured":"Elliott K, McGowan J, Benier K, Maher J, Fitz-Gibbon K. Investigating adolescent family violence:background, research and directions, context report, focus program on gender and family violence:new frameworks in prevention. Melbourne: Monash University; 2017. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0007\/1532275\/investigating-adolescent-family-violence-background-research-and-directions.pdf [Accessed: 05 March 2021]."},{"issue":"11","key":"12427_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.09.004","volume":"33","author":"AJ Zolotor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zolotor AJ, Runyan DK, Dunne MP, Jain D, P\u00e9turs HR, Ramirez C, et al. ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Children\u2019s Version (ICAST-C):Instrument development and multi-national pilot testing. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(11):833\u201341 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19857897\/ [Accessed: 03 Feb 2017].","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1427","key":"12427_CR13","first-page":"2","volume":"14","author":"L Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhang Y, Xi B, Bovet P. Physical Fighting and Associated Factors among Adolescents Aged 13\u201315 Years in Six Western Pacific Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(1427):2\u201310 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29160819\/.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"12427_CR14","volume-title":"Child disciplinary practices at home:evidence from a range of low-and middle-income countries","author":"The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2010","unstructured":"The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Child disciplinary practices at home:evidence from a range of low-and middle-income countries. New York: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2010. https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/resources\/child-disciplinary-practices-at-home-evidence-from-a-range-of-low-and-middle-income-countries\/"},{"key":"12427_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0793-2","volume":"47","author":"LR Fr\u00f8yland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fr\u00f8yland LR, von Soest T. Trends in the Perpetration of Physical Aggression among Norwegian Adolescents 2007\u20132015. J Youth Adolesc. 2018;47:1938\u201351 https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10964-017-0793-2.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"12427_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2374","volume":"126","author":"D Runyan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Runyan D, Shankar V, Hassan F, et al. International variations in harsh child discipline. Paediatrics. 2010;126:701\u201311 https:\/\/pediatrics.aappublications.org\/content\/126\/3\/e701.","journal-title":"Paediatrics"},{"key":"12427_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838012455873","volume":"13","author":"D Fry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fry D, McCoy A, Swales D. The consequences of maltreatment on children\u2019s lives:a systematic review of data from the East Asia and Pacific region. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2012;13:209\u201333 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22899705\/.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"12427_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539519825600","volume":"31","author":"SJ Senanayake","year":"2019","unstructured":"Senanayake SJ, Gunawardena S, Wickramasinghe S, Wickramasinghe C, Gunawardena NS, Lokubalasooriya A, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Interpersonal Violence Among In-School Adolescents in Sri Lanka: Results From the 2016 Sri Lankan Global School-Based Health Survey. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2019;31(2):147\u201356 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30678466\/.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"12427_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12334","volume":"64","author":"J Shaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shaw J, Lee H. Race and the criminal justice system response to sexual assault: A systematic review. Am J Community Psychol. 2019;64:256\u201378 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31059130\/.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"12427_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/cico.12108","volume":"14","author":"R Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell R, Shaw J, Fehler-Cabral G. Shelving justice: The discovery of thousands of untested rape kits in Detroit. City Community. 2015;14:151\u201366 https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/cico.12108.","journal-title":"City Community"},{"key":"12427_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afandi D. Medicolegal study of sexual violence cases in Pekanbaru, Indonesia:prevalence, pattern, and Indonesian legal framework. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2018;8(37):1\u201310. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s41935-018-0067-5#citeas [Accessed: 8 July 2020].","DOI":"10.1186\/s41935-018-0067-5"},{"key":"12427_CR22","unstructured":"Kementerian Dalam Negeri [Ministry of Home Affair] Republik Indonesia. Hasil Sensus Populasi 2020 [Result of Population Census 2020] https:\/\/www.bps.go.id\/pressrelease\/2021\/01\/21\/1854\/hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html [Accessed: March 03, 2021]"},{"key":"12427_CR23","unstructured":"Badan Pusat Statistik [Statistical Bureau of Indonesia]. Statistik Indonesia [Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2020]. Cat# 0126\u20132912. https:\/\/www.bps.go.id\/publication\/2020\/04\/29\/e9011b3155d45d70823c141f\/statistik-indonesia-2020.html [Accessed: 03 March 2021]"},{"key":"12427_CR24","unstructured":"Badan Pusat Statistik [Statistical Bureau of Indonesia]. Statistik Kriminal 2019 [Crime Statistics 2019]. Cat# 2089\u20135291. https:\/\/www.bps.go.id\/publication\/2019\/12\/12\/66c0114edb7517a33063871f\/statistik-kriminal-2019.html [Accessed: 03 March 2021]"},{"key":"12427_CR25","unstructured":"Badan Pusat Statistik [Statistical Bureau of Indonesia]. Statistik Kriminal 2016 [Crime Statistics 2016]. Cat# 2089.5291. https:\/\/www.bps.go.id\/publication\/2016\/12\/15\/f21b1f31674e2d3fd6598d5c\/statistik-kriminal-2016.html [Accessed: 05 May 2017]"},{"key":"12427_CR26","unstructured":"Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak [Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection] Republik Indonesia. Profil Anak Indonesia 2019 [Profile of Indonesian Children 2019]. Cat# 2089\u20133523 https:\/\/www.kemenpppa.go.id\/lib\/uploads\/slider\/8ebef-profil-anak-indonesia-2019.pdf"},{"key":"12427_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2019.1656881","volume":"5","author":"S Kerbacher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerbacher S, Pfeifer M, Riener-Hofer R, Berzlanovich A, Eogan M, Mihic AC, et al. Overview of clinical forensic services in various countries of the European Union. Forensic Sci Res. 2020;5:74\u201384 https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/20961790.2019.1656881 [Accessed: 22 Feb 2021].","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"12427_CR28","volume-title":"The doctors\u2019 role in cases of suspected child abuse. Tidsskriftet den Norske Legeforening","author":"MC Arnestray-Pedersen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnestray-Pedersen, M\u00f8ller C, de Lange C, Due-T\u00f8nnessen BJ. The doctors\u2019 role in cases of suspected child abuse. Tidsskriftet den Norske Legeforening, 2019. https:\/\/tidsskriftet.no\/en\/2019\/01\/debatt\/doctors-role-cases-suspected-child-abuse [Accessed: 21 Feb 2021]"},{"key":"12427_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syukriani YF, Novita N, Sunjaya DK. Development of forensic medicine in post-reform Indonesia. Int J Legal Med, 2018;58:56\u201363. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1752928X1830252X [Accessed: 21 Feb 2021]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.05.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"12427_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018767932","volume":"21","author":"L Rumble","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rumble L, Febrianto RF, Larasati MN, Hamilton C, Mathews B, Dunne MP. Childhood sexual violence in Indonesia:a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020;21(2):284\u201399 https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/ 1524838018767932 [Accessed: 17 April 2021].","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"12427_CR31","unstructured":"Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak [Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection] Republik Indonesia. [City\/Municipality Child Welfare Composite Index]. 2018. https:\/\/www.kemenpppa.go.id\/index.php\/page\/read\/38\/2584\/indeks-komposit-kesejahteraan-anak-2018 [Accessed: 21 Feb 2021]"},{"key":"12427_CR32","unstructured":"International Society for The Prevention of Child Abuse & Neglect. ISPCAN Questionnaire for Children V3.0 https:\/\/www.ispcan.org\/learn\/icast-abuse-screening-tools\/?v=402f03a963ba [Accessed: 07 July 2016]"},{"key":"12427_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhamayanti M, Rachmawati AD, Arisanti N, Setiawati EP, Rusmil VK, Sekarwana N. Validity and reliability of questionnaire for child abuse screening \u201cICAST-C\u201d- Indonesian Version. J Keperawatan Padjadjaran. 2017;5(3) http:\/\/jkp.fkep.unpad.ac.id\/index.php\/jkp\/article\/view\/650 [Accessed: 11 Aug 2019].","DOI":"10.24198\/jkp.v5i3.650"},{"issue":"4","key":"12427_CR34","first-page":"5","volume":"60","author":"M Dhamayanti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhamayanti M, Rachmawati AD, Noviandhari A. Validity and reliability update of the Indonesian version of International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect - Child Abuse Screening Tool (ICAST-C). Paediatr Indones. 2020;60(4):5 https:\/\/www.paediatricaindonesiana.org\/index.php\/paediatrica-indonesiana\/article\/download\/2404\/2037\/ [Accessed: 17 April 2021].","journal-title":"Paediatr Indones"},{"key":"12427_CR35","unstructured":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. IBM Corp. Armonk. New York, 2019."},{"key":"12427_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5683","DOI":"10.1590\/pboci.2020.132","volume":"20","author":"AFC Cavalcanti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cavalcanti AFC, da Costa SRR, Goncharuk-Khomyn M, Cavalcanti AL. Maxillofacial injuries in brazilian children and adolescents victims of physical violence:a single forensic center analysis. Pesquisa Bras Odontopediatr Cl\u00edn Integ. 2020;20:e5683 http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1983-46322020000100418 [Accessed: 17 April 2021].","journal-title":"Pesquisa Bras Odontopediatr Cl\u00edn Integ"},{"key":"12427_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30103-1","volume":"5","author":"E Fulu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fulu E, Miedema S, Roselli T, McCook S, Chan KL, Haard\u00f6rfer R, et al. on behalf of the UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence study team. Pathways between childhood trauma, intimate partner violence, and harsh parenting: findings from the UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e512\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"12427_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/soc8020033","volume":"8","author":"SS Kokkalera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kokkalera SS, Marshall CE, Marshall IH. The Role of Parental Maltreatment and Parental Social Control on Self-Reported Violent Offending in Indonesia and the U.S.: Does Gender Make a Difference? Societies. 2018;8:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soc8020033.","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"12427_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.125","volume":"1","author":"KL Celedonia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Celedonia KL, Wilson ML, El Gammal HA, Hagras AM. Physical fighting among Egyptian adolescents: social and demographic correlates among a nationally representative sample. PeerJ. 2013;1:e125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.125.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"12427_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0248566","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248566","volume":"16","author":"P Neupane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neupane P, Chalise B, Shrestha N, Chaudhary S, Dhungana RR, Bista B. Factors associated with physical and sexual violence among school-going adolescents in Nepal: Findings from Global School-based Student Health Survey. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248566.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"12427_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1801788","volume":"16","author":"M Murphy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murphy M, Jones N, Yadete W, Baird S. Gender-norms, violence and adolescence: Exploring how gender norms are associated with experiences of childhood violence among young adolescents in Ethiopia. Glob Public Health. 2021;16(6):842\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2020.1801788.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"12427_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf A, Habibie AN, Efendi F, Kurnia ID, Kurniati A. Prevalence and correlates of being bullied among adolescents in Indonesia: results from the 2015 Global School-based Student Health Survey. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2019:20190064.","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2019-0064"},{"issue":"4","key":"12427_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/103871","volume":"26","author":"A Terelak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Terelak A, Ko\u0142odziejczak S, Bulsa M. Scale and forms of domestic violence against schoolchildren in rural, rural-urban and urban areas. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2019;26(4):572\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"12427_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0971852415578042","volume":"19","author":"MTW Yee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yee MTW, Alagappar PN, Ngeow YM. Differences in the perception of sexual harassment by gender and ethnicity among selected Malaysian undergraduates. Gend Technol Dev. 2015;19(2):204\u201330 https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0971852415578042 [Accessed: 23 Feb 2017].","journal-title":"Gend Technol Dev"},{"key":"12427_CR45","unstructured":"European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Violence against women:an EU-wide survey. Luxembourg: FRA - European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights; 2015. https:\/\/fra.europa.eu\/en\/publication\/2014\/violence-against-women-eu-wide-survey-main-results-report [Accessed: 21 Feb 2017]"},{"key":"12427_CR46","volume-title":"Corporal punishment of children:summaries of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years","author":"Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children","year":"2016","unstructured":"Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. Corporal punishment of children:summaries of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years. 2016. https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/ [Accessed: 17 April 2021]"},{"key":"12427_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.005","volume":"93","author":"SD Arifiania","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arifiania SD, Handayani SA, Baumont M, Bennoun C, Kusumaningrum S. Assessing large-scale violence against children surveys in selected Southeast Asian countries: A scoping review. Child Abuse Negl. 2019;93:149\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.005.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"12427_CR48","unstructured":"Republik Indonesia. Undang-undang Nomor 35 tahun 2014 juncto Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2003 Tentang Perlindungan Anak [Children Protection Act. Law No. 35 year 2014 juncto Law No. 23 year 2002] https:\/\/www.bphn.go.id\/data\/documents\/14uu035.pdf"},{"key":"12427_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Purwaningtyas NH, Wiwaha G, Setiawati EP, Arya DIFD. The role of primary healthcare physicians in violence against Women intervention program in Indonesia. BMC Fam Pract. 2019:20:168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-019-1054-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-1054-0"},{"key":"12427_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-339","volume":"11","author":"M Ohnishi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ohnishi M, Nakao R, Shibayama S, Matsuyama Y, Oishi K, Miyahara H. Knowledge, experience, and potential risks of dating violence among Japanese university students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:339 https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-339 [Accessed: 12 July 2016].","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12427_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2014.03.006","volume":"28","author":"SH Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee SH, Stark AK, O\u2019Riordan MA, Lazebnik R. Awareness of a rape crisis center and knowledge about sexual violence among high school adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2015;28(1):53\u20136 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25555301\/ [Accessed: 08 July 2016].","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"12427_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.013","volume":"67","author":"SM Frias","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frias SM, Finkelhor D. Victimizations of Mexican youth (12\u201317 years old): a 2014 National survey. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;67:86\u201397 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28242370\/ [Accessed: 08 July 2016].","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"7","key":"12427_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1807166","volume":"380","author":"E Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller E, McCaw B. Intimate partner violence. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(7):850\u20137 https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMra1807166 [Accessed: 11 April 2021].","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12427-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12427-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12427-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T18:12:45Z","timestamp":1641924765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12427-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12427-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research passed the review process and received clearance from the Health Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (certificate No. 244\/UN6.C2.1.2\/KEPK\/PN\/2016). Data were collected only from participants and their parents, who gave their consent after being given all relevant information. The construction of information for participants was developed in accord with the Ethical Committee\u2019s suggestions.The name of the ethical committee was the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, accredited by the WHO SIDCER-FERCAP. Currently, the name is Research Ethics Committee \u2013 Universitas Padjadjaran (). The change of name has been applied after the position of the Committee was changed from faculty to university level to cover various type of reviews other than health research.The informed consent was obtained from every participants and parents for the study. There was no coercion or sanction imposed for students or parents who did not want to become participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interest declared by all authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"50"}}