{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:34:19Z","timestamp":1791200059154,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Falls prevention exercise programmes are evidence-based and recommended for improving physical function in older adults. However, few service evaluations exist to assess the effectiveness of community-delivered interventions in practice.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a six-year, retrospective evaluation of the community-delivered Staying Steady programme (Healthworks, United Kingdom). Staying Steady is a 27-week, tailored strength and balance programme delivered in a group setting (1-h, once\/week) and at home (30\u201340\u00a0min, 2\u20133 times\/week). Participants were referred by healthcare professionals, or self-referred, due to a history or risk of falling. Routinely collected outcome measures (30-s chair stand, Timed Up and Go, four-stage balance test, and patient reported outcomes; including \u2018fear of falling\u2019 and \u2018ability to manage health\u2019) were analysed. Factors associated with programme completion were reported. The intervention effect on physical function was analysed in subgroups: participants used arms to chair-stand or a walking-aid at both (\u2018aided\u2019), neither (\u2018unaided\u2019), or one assessment timepoint (\u2018aided at baseline only\u2019 or \u2018aided at follow-up only\u2019).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There were 1,426 referrals; 835 (67.3%) participants enrolled on to the Staying Steady programme, 406 (32.7%) declined, 185 (13.0%) were inappropriately referred and excluded from analysis. After enrolling, 451 (54.0%) participants completed, and 384 (46.0%) dropped out. Chair stand performance improved in participants who were unaided (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009264; median 2.0 [1.0, 4.0] repetitions; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), or aided at baseline, follow-up or both (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009170, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Timed Up and Go performance improved in the unaided (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009387; median \u02d73.1 [\u02d75.4, \u02d71.4] s, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and aided at baseline only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932; median \u02d74.9 [\u02d710.8, \u02d73.4] s, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) groups. Four-stage balance performance improved (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009295; median 1.0 [0.0, 1.0] points, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). After programme completion, participants self-reported an improved ability to manage their health and daily activities, improved confidence, and a reduced fear of falling. Presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fear of falling, prescribed nutritional support, disability and social deprivation influenced non-completion of Staying Steady.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Completing Staying Steady improved physical function in older adults. Methods to encourage retention of participants from groups associated with low uptake and adherence should be investigated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13832-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T07:02:51Z","timestamp":1659337371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The effectiveness of the Healthworks Staying Steady community-based falls prevention exercise programme to improve physical function in older adults: a 6-year service evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Oman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Court","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Goodall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alasdair F.","family":"O\u2019Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13832_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53522-6","volume":"9","author":"M Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang M, Liu Y, Zuo Y, Tang H. Sarcopenia for predicting falls and hospitalization in community-dwelling older adults: EWGSOP versus EWGSOP2. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):17636.","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-018-0478-1","volume":"104","author":"R Pinedo-Villanueva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinedo-Villanueva R, Westbury LD, Syddall HE, Sanchez-Santos MT, Dennison EM, Robinson SM, et al. Health Care Costs Associated With Muscle Weakness: A UK Population-Based Estimate. Calcif Tissue Int. 2019;104(2):137\u201344.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"13832_CR3","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Falls in older people: assessing risk and prevention. London: NICE; 2013. (Clinical guideline [CG161). Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg161\/chapter\/1-Recommendations#preventing-falls-in-older-people-2. Accessed 10 Jan 2022.\u00a0"},{"key":"13832_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society. Summary of the updated American Geriatrics Society\/British Geriatrics Society clinical practice guideline for prevention of falls in older persons.\u00a0J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(1):148\u201357.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03234.x"},{"key":"13832_CR5","unstructured":"Public Health England and the National Falls Prevention Coordination Group member organisations. Falls and fracture consensus statement: supporting commissioning for prevention. London: PHE; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/falls-and-fractures-consensus-statement. Accessed 8 Apr 2022.\u00a0"},{"key":"13832_CR6","unstructured":"York Health Economics Consortium and Public Health England. A return on investment tool for the assessment of falls prevention programmes for older people living in the community. London: PHE; 2018. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/falls-prevention-cost-effective-commissioning. Accessed 8 Apr 2022.\u00a0"},{"issue":"4","key":"13832_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000249","volume":"40","author":"CJ Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu CJ, Chang WP, Araujo de Carvalho I, Savage KEL, Radford LW, Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan J. Effects of physical exercise in older adults with reduced physical capacity: meta-analysis of resistance exercise and multimodal exercise. Int J Rehabil Res. 2017;40(4):303\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"13832_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01041-3","volume":"17","author":"C Sherrington","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sherrington C, Fairhall N, Kwok W, Wallbank G, Tiedemann A, Michaleff ZA, et al. Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):144.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"8","key":"13832_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2017.1328721","volume":"33","author":"H Hawley-Hague","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hawley-Hague H, Roden A, Abbott J. The evaluation of a strength and balance exercise program for falls prevention in community primary care. Physiother Theory Pract. 2017;33(8):611\u201321.","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/17533015.2019.1662461","volume":"13","author":"T Vella-Burrows","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vella-Burrows T, Pickard A, Wilson L, Clift S, Whitfield L. \u201cDance to Health\u201d: an evaluation of health, social and dance interest outcomes of a dance programme for the prevention of falls. Arts Health. 2021;13(2):158\u201372.","journal-title":"Arts Health"},{"issue":"20","key":"13832_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1337241","volume":"40","author":"A Christoforou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christoforou A, van der Linden ML, Koufaki P. Short-term effectiveness of a community-implemented falls prevention referral service. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(20):2466\u201374.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"13832_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa288","volume":"50","author":"E Orton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orton E, Audsley S, Coupland C, Gladman JRF, Iliffe S, Lafond N, et al. \u2018Real world\u2019 effectiveness of the Falls Management Exercise (FaME) programme: an implementation study. Age Ageing. 2021;50(4):1290\u20137.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"11","key":"13832_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.057612","volume":"95","author":"Y Robitaille","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robitaille Y, Laforest S, Fournier M, Gauvin L, Parisien M, Corriveau H, et al. Moving forward in fall prevention: an intervention to improve balance among older adults in real-world settings. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(11):2049\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"13832_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fds014","volume":"34","author":"TL Pettman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pettman TL, Armstrong R, Doyle J, Burford B, Anderson LM, Hillgrove T, et al. Strengthening evaluation to capture the breadth of public health practice: ideal vs. real. Journal of Public Health. 2012;34(1):151\u20135.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"13832_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afi174","volume":"34","author":"D Skelton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Skelton D, Dinan S, Campbell M, Rutherford O. Tailored group exercise (Falls Management Exercise\u2014FaME) reduces falls in community-dwelling older frequent fallers (an RCT). Age Ageing. 2005;34(6):636\u20139.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/095939899307801","volume":"15","author":"DA Skelton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Skelton DA, Dinan SM. Exercise for falls management: Rationale for an exercise programme aimed at reducing postural instability. Physiother Theory Pract. 1999;15(2):105\u201320.","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"13832_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3109\/09593980903585059","volume":"26","author":"L Hedley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hedley L, Suckley N, Robinson L, Dawson P. Staying Steady: A community-based exercise initiative for falls prevention. Physiother Theory Pract. 2010;26(7):425\u201338.","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"13832_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1071\/NB10056","volume":"22","author":"C Sherrington","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sherrington C, Tiedemann A, Fairhall N, Close JC, Lord SR. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. N S W Public Health Bull. 2011;22(4):78\u201383.","journal-title":"N S W Public Health Bull"},{"key":"13832_CR19","unstructured":"Gibbard E, Brandling J, Harding T. Best practice in the ethics and governance of service evaluation: Guidelines for evaluators and commissioners of evaluation in health and social care. England: National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration West; 2017. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/arc-w.nihr.ac.uk\/Wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Full-guidelines-for-Best-Practice-in-the-Ethics-and-Governance-of-Service-Evaluation-Final02.pdf. Accessed 9 Feb 2022.\u00a0"},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh132","volume":"26","author":"S Nandy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nandy S, Parsons S, Cryer C, Underwood M, Rashbrook E, Carter Y, et al. Development and preliminary examination of the predictive validity of the Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT) for use in primary care. J Public Health. 2004;26(2):138\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh132.","journal-title":"J Public Health."},{"key":"13832_CR21","unstructured":"Medicine ACoS. Preassessment screening. In: Liguori G, editor. ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual. Fifth ed: Wolters Kluwer; 2017."},{"key":"13832_CR22","unstructured":"Secondary Care Analysis (PROMs), NHS Digital. Patient reported outcome measures in England: Data dictionary Version 3.4. England: NHS Digital; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/data-tools-and-services\/data-services\/patient-reported-outcome-measures-proms. Accessed 14 Dec 2021.\u00a0"},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1999.10608028","volume":"70","author":"CJ Jones","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Beam WC. A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999;70(2):113\u20139.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"13832_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.08.003","volume":"63","author":"N Roongbenjawan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roongbenjawan N, Siriphorn A. Accuracy of modified 30-s chair-stand test for predicting falls in older adults. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2020;63(4):309\u201315.","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","volume":"39","author":"D Podsiadlo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"13832_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03336.x","volume":"59","author":"LJ Viccaro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Viccaro LJ, Perera S, Studenski SA. Is timed up and go better than gait speed in predicting health, function, and falls in older adults? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(5):887\u201392.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"13832_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M291","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/50A.6.M291","volume":"50","author":"JE Rossiter-Fornoff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rossiter-Fornoff JE, Wolf SL, Wolfson LI, Buchner DM. A cross-sectional validation study of the FICSIT common data base static balance measures. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50(6):M291-7.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"13832_CR28","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STEADI - Older Adult Fall Prevention. The 4 Stage Balance Test. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2017. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/steadi\/materials.html.\u00a0Accessed 22 Oct 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivy102","volume":"27","author":"G Papageorgiou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papageorgiou G, Grant SW, Takkenberg JJM, Mokhles MM. Statistical primer: how to deal with missing data in scientific research?\u2020. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2018;27(2):153\u20138.","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"13832_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0442-1","volume":"17","author":"JC Jakobsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, Winkel P. When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials \u2013 a practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17(1):162.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"5","key":"13832_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2013.64.5.402","volume":"64","author":"H Kang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kang H. The prevention and handling of the missing data. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013;64(5):402\u20136.","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"13832_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.5042","volume":"44","author":"AT Tveter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tveter AT, Dagfinrud H, Moseng T, Holm I. Measuring Health-Related Physical Fitness in Physiotherapy Practice: Reliability, Validity, and Feasibility of Clinical Field Tests and a Patient-Reported Measure. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44(3):206\u201316.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1769","volume":"24","author":"MT Kristensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kristensen MT, Bloch ML, J\u00f8nsson LR, Jakobsen TL. Interrater reliability of the standardized Timed Up and Go Test when used in hospitalized and community-dwelling older individuals. Physiother Res Int. 2019;24(2):e1769.","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"key":"13832_CR34","unstructured":"United Kingdom Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government. English indices of deprivation  2019: Postcode Lookup 2019. London: UK Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/imd-by-postcode.opendatacommunities.org\/imd\/2019. Accessed 1 Oct 2021."},{"key":"13832_CR35","unstructured":"Noble S, McLennan D, Noble M, Plunkett E, Gutacker N, Silk M, et al. The English indices of deprivation 2019. London: UK Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government; 2019. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019-research-report. Accessed 1 Oct 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"13832_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","volume":"18","author":"H Akoglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akoglu H. User\u2019s guide to correlation coefficients. Turkish journal of emergency medicine. 2018;18(3):91\u20133.","journal-title":"Turkish journal of emergency medicine"},{"key":"13832_CR37","first-page":"235","volume-title":"The Reviewer's Guide to Quantitative Methods In the Social Sciences","author":"A O'Connell","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell A, Rivet Amico K. Logistic Regression. In: Hancock G, Stapleton L, Mueller R, editors. The Reviewer\u2019s Guide to Quantitative Methods In the Social Sciences. 1st ed. New York: Routledge; 2010. p. 235.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"1","key":"13832_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12502","volume":"11","author":"DXM Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang DXM, Yao J, Zirek Y, Reijnierse EM, Maier AB. Muscle mass, strength, and physical performance predicting activities of daily living: a meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11(1):3\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12502.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"issue":"3","key":"13832_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2009.04.005","volume":"50","author":"Y Takata","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takata Y, Ansai T, Soh I, Awano S, Yoshitake Y, Kimura Y, et al. Quality of life and physical fitness in an 85-year-old population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;50(3):272\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"13832_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rekeneire N, Visser M, Peila R, Nevitt MC, Cauley JA, Tylavsky FA, et al. Is a Fall Just a Fall: Correlates of Falling in Healthy Older Persons. The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003;51(6):841\u20136.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2389.2003.51267.x"},{"issue":"21","key":"13832_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0365","volume":"113","author":"M Siegrist","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siegrist M, Freiberger E, Geilhof B, Salb J, Hentschke C, Landendoerfer P, et al. Fall prevention in a primary care setting: the effects of a targeted complex exercise intervention in a cluster randomized trial. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113(21):365\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0365.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int."},{"issue":"7","key":"13832_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072509","volume":"17","author":"G Scronce","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scronce G, Zhang W, Smith ML, Mercer VS. Characteristics Associated with Improved Physical Performance among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in a Community-Based Falls Prevention Program. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2509.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"13832_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M28","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/50A.1.M28","volume":"50A","author":"LE Powell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Powell LE, Myers AM. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 1995;50A(1):M28\u201334.","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"issue":"1","key":"13832_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-021-00260-2","volume":"18","author":"C Hayashi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayashi C, Ogata S, Okano T, Toyoda H, Mashino S. Long-term participation in community group exercise improves lower extremity muscle strength and delays age-related declines in walking speed and physical function in older adults. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. 2021;18(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"European Review of Aging and Physical Activity"},{"key":"13832_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wurzer B, Waters DL, Hale LA, Leon de la Barra S. Long-Term Participation in Peer-Led Fall Prevention Classes Predicts Lower Fall Incidence. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2014;95(6):1060\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.01.018"},{"key":"13832_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cunningham C, O'Sullivan R, Caserotti P, Tully MA. Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: a systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses.\u00a0Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(5):816\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13616.","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13616"},{"key":"13832_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rawal LB, Smith BJ, Quach H, Renzaho AMN. Physical activity among adults with low socioeconomic status living in industrialized countries: a meta-ethnographic approach to understanding socioecological complexities. J Environ Public Health. 2020;2020:4283027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/4283027.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4283027"},{"issue":"4","key":"13832_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1249\/jsr.0000000000000276","volume":"15","author":"AS Mendoza-Vasconez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mendoza-Vasconez AS, Linke S, Mu\u00f1oz M, Pekmezi D, Ainsworth C, Cano M, et al. Promoting physical activity among underserved populations. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(4):290\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/jsr.0000000000000276.","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep."},{"issue":"10075","key":"13832_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32380-7","volume":"389","author":"S Stringhini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M, Avenda\u00f1o M, Muennig P, Guida F, et al. Socioeconomic status and the 25 \u00d7 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1\u00b77 million men and women. Lancet. 2017;389(10075):1229\u201337.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13832_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1046","volume":"360","author":"S Stringhini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M, Avenda\u00f1o M, McCrory C, d\u2019Errico A, et al. Socioeconomic status, non-communicable disease risk factors, and walking speed in older adults: multi-cohort population based study. BMJ. 2018;360: k1046.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"13832_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00155119","volume":"36","author":"I Crochemore-Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crochemore-Silva I, Knuth AG, Mielke GI, Loch MR. Promotion of physical activity and public policies to tackle inequalities: considerarions based on the Inverse Care Law and Inverse Equity Hypothesis. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36:e00155119.","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"issue":"3","key":"13832_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M255","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M255","volume":"59","author":"LP Fried","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the Concepts of Disability, Frailty, and Comorbidity: Implications for Improved Targeting and Care. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2004;59(3):M255\u201363.","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"issue":"2","key":"13832_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.062026","volume":"62","author":"EB Swallow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Swallow EB, Reyes D, Hopkinson NS, Man WD, Porcher R, Cetti EJ, et al. Quadriceps strength predicts mortality in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2007;62(2):115\u201320.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"13832_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200206-583OC","volume":"167","author":"T Oga","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Sato S, Hajiro T. Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(4):544\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"13832_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.6.2021","volume":"125","author":"FM Franssen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Franssen FM, Broekhuizen R, Janssen PP, Wouters EF, Schols AM. Effects of whole-body exercise training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with COPD. Chest. 2004;125(6):2021\u20138.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"13832_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041041","volume":"12","author":"P P\u00e9rez-Ros","year":"2020","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ros P, Vila-Candel R, L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez L, Mart\u00ednez-Arnau FM. Nutritional status and risk factors for frailty in community-dwelling older people: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1041.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"13832_CR57","volume":"3","author":"CL Hanson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hanson CL, Allin LJ, Ellis JG, Dodd-Reynolds CJ. An evaluation of the efficacy of the exercise on referral scheme in Northumberland, UK: association with physical activity and predictors of engagement. A naturalistic observation study BMJ open. 2013;3(8):e002849.","journal-title":"A naturalistic observation study BMJ open"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13832-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13832-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13832-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T07:04:46Z","timestamp":1659337486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13832-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13832-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was provided by the Northumbria University Health and Life Sciences ethics committee (reference 34401). Permission was granted by Healthworks to audit, evaluate and publish these data. Participants gave informed consent for Healthworks to store their data for monitoring and evaluation purposes. The academic team ensured that legal and ethical standards were met by performing the evaluation in collaboration with Healthworks and in accordance with guidance from the general data protection regulation (GDPR) (Article 89.1) and national institute for health science research UK (NIHR) (19). Where, the processing of healthcare data without consent is permitted for scientific or statistical reasons if data are anonymised and unidentifiable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"MA and PC were employed by Healthworks during the period evaluated in this manuscript. Whilst MA and PC were involved in data collection and facilitated access to participant records, they were not involved in the data extraction or analysis. EJ, PO, SN, SG and AO have no competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1457"}}