{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:11:41Z","timestamp":1783350701320,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006662","name":"Ardabil University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Iran is a country with a high prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and seven endemic provinces. In this study, we tried to identify unobserved classes of knowledge among Iranians toward VL and assess the predictors of each latent class.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected participants from endemic and non-endemic areas of VL in Iran in 2020 and 2021. The collected data included demographic characteristics and questions about knowledge, attitude, and practice toward VL. We performed latent class analysis using a procedure for latent class analysis (PROC LCA) in SAS to identify the class membership of knowledge of participants toward VL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Five latent classes were identified: very low (38.9%), low (15.5%), moderate (6.2%), high (14.1%), and very high (25.2%) knowledge about VL. Living in endemic areas significantly increased the odds of belonging to the low (adjusted OR (AOR\u2009=\u20097.23; 95% confidence interval (CI):4.52\u201311.58), high (AOR\u2009=\u20092.71; 95%CI: 1.73\u20134.23), and very high (AOR\u2009=\u20098.47; 95%CI: 5.78\u201312.41) classes compared to the very low class. Also, having academic education increased the odds of membership in the very high class (AOR\u2009=\u20092.36; 95%CI: 1.61\u20133.47) compared to the very low class.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study revealed that more than 50% of the participants fell into the latent classes of very low and low knowledge toward VL. Some educational workshops in the endemic areas could be effective in enhancing knowledge about VL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17775-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T15:03:21Z","timestamp":1706108601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between living in the endemic area and level of knowledge of visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Eslam","family":"Moradi-Asl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Abbasi-Ghahramanloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davoud","family":"Adham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abedin","family":"Saghafipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kourosh","family":"Arzamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboozar","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jalil","family":"Nejati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Firozian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Jalilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samad","family":"Kazempoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Darvishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorban Mohamad","family":"Ozbaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"17775_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ready PD. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Epidemiol 2014:147\u201354.","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S44267"},{"key":"17775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2018.10.005","volume":"33","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Griensven J, Diro E. Visceral leishmaniasis: recent advances in diagnostics and treatment regimens. Infect Dis Clin. 2019;33:79\u201399.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin"},{"key":"17775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-021-00232-7","volume":"8","author":"S Mann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mann S, Frasca K, Scherrer S, Henao-Mart\u00ednez AF, Newman S, Ramanan P, et al. A review of leishmaniasis: current knowledge and future directions. Curr Trop Med Reports. 2021;8:121\u201332.","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Reports"},{"key":"17775_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190621154552","volume":"25","author":"V Wagner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wagner V, Minguez-Menendez A, Pena J, Fernandez-Prada C. Innovative solutions for the control of leishmaniases: nanoscale drug delivery systems. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25:1582\u201392.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"17775_CR5","first-page":"348","volume":"8","author":"M Mohebali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohebali M. Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: review of the epidemiological and clinical features. Iran J Parasitol. 2013;8:348.","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"17775_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradi-Asl E, Mohebali M, Rassi Y, Vatandoost H, Saghafipour A. Environmental variables associated with distribution of canine visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in Ardabil Province, Northwestern Iran: a systematic review. Iran J Public Health 2020.","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v49i6.3354"},{"key":"17775_CR7","unstructured":"Organization WH. Control of the leishmaniases: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Commitee on the control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22\u201326 March 2010. World Health Organization; 2010."},{"key":"17775_CR8","first-page":"14","volume":"42","author":"SC Esteso","year":"1984","unstructured":"Esteso SC. Popular education\u2013a fragile point in the campaign against Chagas\u2019 disease. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 1984;42:14\u20137.","journal-title":"Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba"},{"key":"17775_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2009000700025","volume":"25","author":"DF de Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Magalh\u00e3es DF, da Silva JA, Haddad JPA, Moreira EC, Fonseca MIM, de Ornelas MLL, et al. Dissemination of information on visceral leishmaniasis from schoolchildren to their families: a sustainable model for controlling the disease. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25:1642\u20136.","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"17775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-891X.1000257","volume":"6","author":"M Berhe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berhe M, Bsrat A, Taddele H, Gadissa E, Hagos Y, Tekle Y, et al. Knowledge attitude and practice towards visceral leishmaniasis among residents and health professionals in Welkait district, western Tigray, Ethiopia. J Trop Dis. 2018;6:e\u20131000257.","journal-title":"J Trop Dis"},{"key":"17775_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.2014C744","volume":"4","author":"B Sarkari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarkari B, Qasem A, Shafaf MR. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Southern Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4:566\u20139.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"17775_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-382","volume":"13","author":"A Alemu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alemu A, Alemu A, Esmael N, Dessie Y, Hamdu K, Mathewos B, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices related to visceral leishmaniasis among residents in Addis Zemen town, South Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"17775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.14522","volume":"15","author":"AG De Carvalho","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Carvalho AG, Luz JGG, Rodrigues LD, Dias JVL, Fontes CJF. Impact of socioeconomic status on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices about visceral leishmaniasis among dog owners. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021;15:1523\u201331.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"17775_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10333-7","volume":"21","author":"D Adham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adham D, Abazari M, Moradi-Asl E, Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A. Pattern of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever related high risk behaviors among Iranian butchers and its relation to perceived self-efficacy. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"17775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelaye KA, Demissie GD, Ayele TA, Wami SD, Sisay MM, Akalu TY et al. Low knowledge and attitude towards visceral leishmaniasis among migrants and seasonal farm workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med 2020:159\u201368.","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S286212"},{"key":"17775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0978","volume":"98","author":"D Govil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Govil D, Sahoo H, Pedgaonkar SP, Das KC, Lhungdim H. Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices related to kala-azar: a study of rural Madhepura, Bihar, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:857.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"17775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256239","volume":"16","author":"D JS","year":"2021","unstructured":"JS D, Gupta AK, Veeri RB, Garapati P, Kumar R, Dhingra S, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices towards visceral leishmaniasis among HIV patients: a cross-sectional study from Bihar, India. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0256239.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"17775_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120303343","volume":"12","author":"CF De Amorim","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Amorim CF, Santos Albano Am\u00f3ra S, Aparecida Kazimoto T, de Lima Costa KF, Fernandes Silva L, De Sousa MLR, et al. Knowledge of the population about visceral leishmaniasis transmission in endemic areas near the banks of the Mossor\u00f3 River in Northeastern Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:3343\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"17775_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margonari C, Menezes JA, Rocha MN, Maia KN, \u00c9der de Oliveira M, Luisa Fonseca A et al. Public knowledge about and detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis in urban Divin\u00f3polis, Brazil. J Trop Med. 2012;2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/429586"},{"key":"17775_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruoti M, Oddone R, Lampert N, Oru\u00e9 E, Miles MA, Alexander N et al. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among paraguayan communities, patients, and health professionals. J Trop Med. 2013;2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/538629"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17775-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17775-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17775-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T15:05:20Z","timestamp":1706108720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17775-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["17775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17775-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (IR.ARUMS.REC.1398.207). Permission to conduct the study was obtained from this committee and all patients had signed an informed consent form. All participants had signed and informed consent form. For under 18 years old subjects, informed consent was obtained from a parent and\/or legal guardian for study participation. All methods were carried out in accordance with declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"291"}}