{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:28:12Z","timestamp":1770816492816,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000085","name":"Ontario HIV Treatment Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In Ontario, Canada we developed and implemented an online screening algorithm for the distribution of HIV self-tests, known as GetaKit. During the COVID pandemic, we adapted the GetaKit algorithm to screen for COVID based on population and infection data and distributed COVID rt-LAMP self-tests (using the Lucira Check-It\u00ae) to eligible participants.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>GetaKit\/COVID was a prospective observational study that occurred over a 7-month period from September 2021 to April 2022. All potential participants completed an online registration and risk assessment, including demographic information, COVID symptoms and risk factors, and vaccination status. Bivariate comparisons were performed for three outcomes: results reporting status, vaccination status, and COVID diagnosis status. Data were analysed using Chi-Square for categorial covariates and Independent Samples T-Test and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous covariates. Bivariate logistic regression models were applied to examine associations between the covariates and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>During the study period, we distributed 6469 COVID self-tests to 4160 eligible participants; 46% identified as Black, Indigenous or a Person of Colour (BIPOC). Nearly 70% of participants reported their COVID self-test results; 304 of which were positive. Overall, 91% also reported being vaccinated against COVID. Statistical analysis found living with five or fewer people, having tested for COVID previously, and being fully vaccinated were positive factors in results reporting. For COVID vaccination, people from large urban centers, who identified their ethnicity as white, and who reported previous COVID testing were more likely to be fully vaccinated. Finally, being identified as a contact of someone who had tested positive for COVID and the presence of COVID-related symptoms were found to be positive factors in diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While most participants who accessed this service were vaccinated against COVID and the majority of diagnoses were identified in participants who had symptoms of, or an exposure to, COVID, our program was able to appropriately link participants to recommended follow-up based on reported risks and results. These findings highlight the utility of online screening algorithms to provide health services, particularly for persons with historical barriers to healthcare access, such as BIPOC or lower-income groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17783-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T17:02:32Z","timestamp":1708016552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Real world outcomes of distributing Lucira Check-It\u00ae COVID self-tests in Ontario, Canada: the GetaKit COVID study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Orser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Squires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Musten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitika Pant","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"O\u2019Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"17783_CR1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. Public health management of cases and contacts associated with COVID-19. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/diseases\/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection\/health-professionals\/interim-guidance-cases-contacts.html 2021. Accessed 10 May 2023."},{"key":"17783_CR2","unstructured":"Government of Canada. Testing for COVID-19: Importance of testing and contact tracing. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/diseases\/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection\/symptoms\/testing.html 2022. Accessed 10 May 2023."},{"key":"17783_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J\u00fcni P, Baert S, Corbeil A, Johnstone J, Patel SN, Bobos P, et al. Use of rapid antigen tests during the Omicron wave. Sci Briefs Ont COVID-19 Sci Advisory Table. 2022;3(56). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47326\/ocsat.2022.03.56.1.0","DOI":"10.47326\/ocsat.2022.03.56.1.0"},{"key":"17783_CR4","unstructured":"Health Canada. Testing for COVID-19 in vaccinated populations. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/phac-aspc\/documents\/services\/diseases\/coronavirus-disease-covid-19\/testing-screening-contact-tracing\/testing-vaccinated-populations\/testing-vaccinated-populations-eng.pdf 2021. Accessed 10 May 2023."},{"key":"17783_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13168","author":"P O\u2019Byrne","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Byrne P, Orser L, Musten A, Ho N, Haines M, Lindsay J. Delivering COVID self-tests through GetaKit.ca: creating testing access during a pandemic. Pub Health Nurs. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phn.13168","journal-title":"Pub Health Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"17783_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-021-00505-8","volume":"112","author":"P O\u2019Byrne","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Byrne P, Musten A, Orser L, Inamdar G, Grayson M-O, Jones C, et al. At-home HIV self-testing during COVID: implementing the GetaKit project in Ottawa. Can J Public Health. 2021;112(4):587\u201394.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"17783_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211031322","volume":"32","author":"P O\u2019Byrne","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Byrne P, Musten A, Orser L, Buckingham S. Automated STI\/HIV risk assessments: testing an online clinical algorithm in Ottawa, Canada. Int J STD & AIDS. 2021;32(14):1365\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J STD & AIDS"},{"key":"17783_CR8","unstructured":"Ontario Ministry of Health. Management of cases and contacts of COVID-19 in Ontario. https:\/\/www.health.gov.on.ca\/en\/pro\/programs\/publichealth\/coronavirus\/docs\/contact_mngmt\/management_cases_contacts.pdf 2023. Accessed 13 May 2023."},{"key":"17783_CR9","unstructured":"Lucira Health. Lucira Check-It\u00ae COVID-19 test kit. https:\/\/www-fda-gov.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca\/media\/147494\/download 2019. Accessed 13 May 2023."},{"key":"17783_CR10","unstructured":"Health Canada. Authorized medical devices for uses related to COVID-19: List of authorized testing devices. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/drugs-health-products\/covid19-industry\/medical-devices\/authorized\/list.html 2023. Accessed 13 May 2023."},{"key":"17783_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa105","volume":"8","author":"JS Obeid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Obeid JS, Davis M, Turner M, Meystre SM, Heider PM, et al. An artificial intelligence approach to COVID-19 infection risk assessment in virtual visits: a case report. J Am Med Informatics Assoc. 2020;8:1321\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Med Informatics Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"17783_CR12","first-page":"440","volume":"25","author":"MK Yusof","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yusof MK, Hamzah W, Rusli NSM. Efficiency of hybrid algorithm for COVID-19 online screening based on its symptoms. Indo J Electric Eng and Comp Sci. 2022;25(1):440\u20139.","journal-title":"Indo J Electric Eng and Comp Sci"},{"key":"17783_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgart DC. Digital advantage in the COVID-19 response: perspective from Canada\u2019s largest integrated digitalized healthcare system. NPJ Digit Med. 3:114\u201318.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00326-y"},{"key":"17783_CR14","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. COVID-19 mortality among racialized populations in Canada and its association with income. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2022001\/article\/00010-eng.htm 2022. Accessed 16 May 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"17783_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021580","volume":"20","author":"J Kemei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kemei J, Olanlesi-Aliu A, Tunde-Byass M, Salami B. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on black communities in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1580.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"17783_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-022-00725-6","volume":"114","author":"O Ezezkia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ezezkia O, Girmay B, Mengistu M, Barrett K. What is the health impact of COVID-19 among black communities in Canada? A systematic review. Can J Public Health. 2022;114:62\u201371.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"17783_CR17","unstructured":"Ontario Ministry of Health. COVID-19 case data, 2021. https:\/\/data.ontario.ca\/en\/dataset\/confirmed-positive-cases-of-covid-19-in-ontario\/resource\/822d637d-3416-4ad8-b09b-a748ae1370e0 2023. Accessed 16 May 2023."},{"key":"17783_CR18","unstructured":"Ontario Ministry of Health. Ethnic origin and visible minorities. https:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/document\/2016-census-highlights\/fact-sheet-9-ethnic-origin-and-visible-minorities 2022. Accessed 16 May 2023."},{"key":"17783_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00231","volume":"8","author":"D Jones McMaughan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones McMaughan D, Oloruntoba O, Smith ML. Socioeconomic status and access to healthcare: interrelated drivers for healthy aging. Front Public Health. 2020;8:231.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"17783_CR20","first-page":"24","volume":"17","author":"C Loignon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loignon C, Hudon C, Goulet E, Boyer S, De Laat M, Fournier N, et al. Perceived barriers to healthcare for persons living in poverty in Quebec, Canada: the EQUIhealTHY project. Int J Equity Health. 2015;17:24\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"17783_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2020.09.013","volume":"17","author":"SN Gajarawala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gajarawala SN, Pelkowski JN. Telehealth benefits and barriers. J Nurse Pract. 2021;17(2):218\u201321.","journal-title":"J Nurse Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"17783_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0840470420938818","volume":"33","author":"L Hardcastle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hardcastle L, Ogbogu U. Virtual care: enhancing access or harming care? Healthc Manage Forum. 2020;33(6):288\u201392.","journal-title":"Healthc Manage Forum"},{"key":"17783_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bombard Y, Baker GR, Orlando E, Fancott C, Bhatia P, Casalino S et al. Engaging patients to improve quality of care: a systematic review. 2018;13:91\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0784-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"17783_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40719-022-00225-5","volume":"8","author":"MT Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams MT, Roy AK, MacIntyre M-P, Faber S. The traumatizing impact of racism in canadians of colour. Curr Trauma Rep. 2022;8(2):17\u201334.","journal-title":"Curr Trauma Rep"},{"key":"17783_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"J Campbell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Campbell J, Nathoo A, Chard S, Messenger D, Walker M, Bartels SA. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and or queer patient experiences in Canadian primary care and emergency departments: a literature review. Cult Health Sex. 2023;15:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17783-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17783-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17783-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T17:02:42Z","timestamp":1708016562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17783-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["17783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17783-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Ottawa Research Ethics Board (H-12-20-6450) and all methods were carried out following the specified ethical guidelines and regulations. All participants provided informed consent to participate in the research study via an electronic research consent form on the GetaKit website prior to registering for an account or completing the self-assessment. Participants under the age of 16 were ineligible for services, so consent from a parent or legal guardian was not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"485"}}