{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:38:11Z","timestamp":1793104691095,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Socially isolated older adults incur increased risks of adverse health outcomes, though the strength of this association is unclear. We examined whether changes in physical frailty moderated the associations between changes in social relationships and changes in health outcomes among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal study is based on three waves of the FR\u00e9LE study among 1643 Canadian community-dwelling older adults aged 65\u2009years and older over 2 years. We performed latent growth curve modelling (LGMs) to assess changes with the assumption of missing not at random, adjusting for time-invariant covariates. We used the latent moderated structural equations (LMS) to test the interactions in LGMs. Social relationships were measured by social participation, social networks, and social support from different social ties. Frailty was assessed using the five components of the phenotype of frailty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed that changes in frailty moderated changes in social participation (\u03b2\u2009=\u20093.229, 95% CI: 2.212, 4.245), social contact with friends (\u03b2\u2009=\u20094.980, 95% CI: 3.285, 6.675), and social support from friends (\u03b2\u2009=\u20092.406, 95% CI: 1.894, 2.917), children (\u03b2\u2009=\u20092.957, 95% CI: 1.932, 3.982), partner (\u03b2\u2009=\u20094.170, 95% CI: 3.036, 5.305) and extended family (\u03b2\u2009=\u20096.619, 95% CI: 2.309, 10.923) with changes in cognitive function and depressive symptoms, but not with chronic diseases. These results highlight the beneficial role of social relationships in declining depressive symptoms and improving cognitive health among older adults experiencing increases in frailty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that changes in social support have a protective and compensatory role in decreasing depressive symptoms and enhancing cognitive health among older adults with increasing frailty. Public health policy and strategies should consider the impact of social support on multiple health outcomes among older adults with increasing frailty. Further experimental studies and interventions are warranted to extend findings on the relationships between social relationships and health outcomes, targeting frail older adults. Future studies may also consider other health-related risk factors that may impact the associations between social relationships and health outcomes among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18111-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T10:02:54Z","timestamp":1708768974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The role of frailty in the relationships between social relationships and health outcomes: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Mehrabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"B\u00e9land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"18111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000103","volume":"72","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J, Robles TF, Sbarra DA. Advancing social connection as a public health priority in the United States. Am Psychol. 2017;72(6):517.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"18111_CR2","first-page":"104904","volume-title":"Global prevalence of social isolation among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"RH Teo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teo RH, Cheng WH, Cheng LJ, Ying L, Tiang S. Global prevalence of social isolation among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics; 2022. p. 104904."},{"issue":"2","key":"18111_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352","volume":"10","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015;10(2):227\u201337.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"s1","key":"18111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180501","volume":"70","author":"IE Evans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evans IE, Martyr A, Collins R, Brayne C, Clare L. Social isolation and cognitive function in later life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;70(s1):S119-SS44.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"18111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.02.021","volume":"20","author":"R Sakurai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakurai R, Kawai H, Suzuki H, Kim H, Watanabe Y, Hirano H, et al. Poor social network, not living alone, is associated with incidence of adverse health outcomes in older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(11):1438\u201343.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"18111_CR6","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Social Epidemiology (2 Eds)","author":"LF Berkman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berkman LF, Krishna A. Social network epidemiology. In: LFKI B, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology (2 Eds). Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 234\u201389."},{"key":"18111_CR7","first-page":"987","volume-title":"Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for CVD: implications for evidence-based patient care and scientific inquiry","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for CVD: implications for evidence-based patient care and scientific inquiry. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society; 2016. p. 987\u20139."},{"key":"18111_CR8","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Social epidemiology (2 ed)","author":"LF Berkman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berkman LF, Kawachi I. Social network epidemiology. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social epidemiology (2 ed). Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 234\u201389."},{"key":"18111_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J, Steptoe A. Social isolation: an underappreciated determinant of physical health. Curr Opin Psychol. 2021;43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.07.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"18111_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17518","volume":"70","author":"TK Cudjoe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cudjoe TK, Selvakumar S, Chung SE, Latkin CA, Roth DL, Thorpe RJ Jr, et al. Getting under the skin: social isolation and biological markers in the National Health and aging trends study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022;70(2):408\u201314.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"18111_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-MM57.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci"},{"issue":"9868","key":"18111_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","volume":"381","author":"A Clegg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"18111_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13497","volume":"29","author":"L Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith L, Firth J, Grabovac I, Koyanagi A, Veronese N, Stubbs B, et al. The association of grip strength with depressive symptoms and cortisol in hair: a cross-sectional study of older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(10):1604\u20139.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"18111_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu B, Steptoe A, Chen Y, Jia X. Social isolation, rather than loneliness, is associated with cognitive decline in older adults: the China health and retirement longitudinal study. Psychol Med. 2020;1-8.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001026"},{"key":"18111_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S296018","volume":"14","author":"L Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan L, Wang S, Xue H, Ding Y, Wang J, Tian Y, et al. Social support and mortality in community-dwelling Chinese older adults: the mediating role of frailty. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:1583.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy."},{"issue":"3","key":"18111_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2003.0049","volume":"46","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC. Social isolation and health, with an emphasis on underlying mechanisms. Perspect Biol Med. 2003;46(3):S39\u201352.","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"18111_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.02.002","volume":"112","author":"KJ Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith KJ, Gavey S, RIddell NE, Kontari P, Victor C. The association between loneliness, social isolation and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;112:519\u201341.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"18111_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.06.012","volume":"23","author":"G Kojima","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kojima G, Aoyama R, Tanabe M. Associations between social isolation and physical frailty in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2022;23(11):e3\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"18111_CR19","volume-title":"Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: opportunities for the health care system","author":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine","year":"2020","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine. Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: opportunities for the health care system. National Academies Press; 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"18111_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1159\/000211949","volume":"55","author":"P-O Lang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lang P-O, Michel J-P, Zekry D. Frailty syndrome: a transitional state in a dynamic process. Gerontology. 2009;55(5):539\u201349.","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"issue":"9570","key":"18111_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60613-8","volume":"369","author":"TE Strandberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Strandberg TE, Pitk\u00e4l\u00e4 KH. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2007;369(9570):1328\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"18111_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(20)30038-6","volume":"2","author":"K Davies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davies K, Maharani A, Chandola T, Todd C, Pendleton N. The longitudinal relationship between loneliness, social isolation, and frailty in older adults in England: a prospective analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2(2):e70-ee7.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"10","key":"18111_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264320923245","volume":"32","author":"J Maltby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maltby J, Hunt SA, Ohinata A, Palmer E, Conroy S. Frailty and social isolation: comparing the relationship between frailty and unidimensional and multifactorial models of social isolation. J Aging Health. 2020;32(10):1297\u2013308.","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"key":"18111_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan C, Cao N. Patterns of social isolation and low social support and frailty trajectories among Chinese older adults. J Appl Gerontol. 2023;07334648231194508.","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648231194508"},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-108","volume":"14","author":"E Dent","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dent E, Hoogendijk EO. Psychosocial factors modify the association of frailty with adverse outcomes: a prospective study of hospitalised older people. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14(1):108.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"18111_CR26","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Does social engagement predict frailty and mortality in the older population? Applied demography and public health in the 21st century","author":"Y Kamiya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamiya Y, Kenny RA. Does social engagement predict frailty and mortality in the older population? Applied demography and public health in the 21st century. Springer; 2017. p. 69\u201379."},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2017-001388","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang X, Sun M, Liu S, Leung CH, Pang L, Popat UR, et al. Risk factors for falls in older patients with cancer. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2018;8(1):34\u20137.","journal-title":"BMJ Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"18111_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2021.31","volume":"11","author":"S Risbridger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Risbridger S, Walker R, Gray W, Kamaruzzaman S, Ai-Vyrn C, Hairi N, et al. Social Participation\u2019s association with falls and frailty in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. J Frailty Aging. 2021;11:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"key":"18111_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02493-7","volume":"29","author":"RA Merchant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merchant RA, Liu SG, Lim JY, Fu X, Chan YH. Factors associated with social isolation in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study. Qual Life Res. 2020;29:2375\u201381.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2014.10.007","volume":"60","author":"C-L Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li C-L, Hsu H-C. Cognitive function and associated factors among older people in Taiwan: age and sex differences. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60(1):196\u2013200.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"18111_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16716","volume":"68","author":"EO Hoogendijk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoogendijk EO, Smit AP, van Dam C, Schuster NA, de Breij S, Holwerda TJ, et al. Frailty combined with loneliness or social isolation: an elevated risk for mortality in later life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(11):2587\u201393.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"18111_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12477","volume":"16","author":"FM Malini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malini FM, Louren\u00e7o RA, Lopes CS. Prevalence of fear of falling in older adults, and its associations with clinical, functional and psychosocial factors: the frailty in Brazilian older people-Rio de Janeiro study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16(3):336\u201344.","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"18111_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevilacqua G, Jameson KA, Zhang J, Bloom I, Fuggle NR, Patel HP, et al. Relationships between non-communicable disease, social isolation and frailty in community dwelling adults in later life: findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;1-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-02026-3"},{"key":"18111_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104119","volume":"90","author":"F Mehrabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehrabi F, Beland F. Effects of social isolation, loneliness and frailty on health outcomes and their possible mediators and moderators in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;90:104119.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"18111_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.08.005","volume":"58","author":"M-V Zunzunegui","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zunzunegui M-V, Kon\u00e9 A, Johri M, B\u00e9land F, Wolfson C, Bergman H. Social networks and self-rated health in two French-speaking Canadian community dwelling populations over 65. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58(10):2069\u201381.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"18111_CR36","first-page":"P320","volume":"60","author":"F B\u00e9land","year":"2005","unstructured":"B\u00e9land F, Zunzunegui M-V, Alvarado B, Otero A, Del Ser T. Trajectories of cognitive decline and social relations. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60(6):P320-PP30.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324123","volume":"5","author":"J Huntley","year":"1993","unstructured":"Huntley J, Ostfeld AM, Taylor JO, Wallace RB, Blazer D, Berkman LF, et al. Established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly: study design and methodology. Aging Clin Exp Res. 1993;5(1):27\u201337.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0908-y","volume":"18","author":"F B\u00e9land","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00e9land F, Julien D, Bier N, Desrosiers J, Kergoat M-J, Demers L. Association between cognitive function and life-space mobility in older adults: results from the FR\u00e9LE longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):227.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"18111_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.07.027","volume":"73","author":"V Provencher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Provencher V, B\u00e9land F, Demers L, Desrosiers J, Bier N, \u00c1vila-Funes JA, et al. Are frailty components associated with disability in specific activities of daily living in community-dwelling older adults? A multicenter Canadian study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;73:187\u201394.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"18111_CR40","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)-Healthy Aging questionnaire (2008\u20132009). 2010:117\u201320."},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10823-018-9344-x","volume":"33","author":"T Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed T, Belanger E, Vafaei A, Kon\u00e9 GK, Alvarado B, B\u00e9land F, et al. Validation of a social networks and support measurement tool for use in international aging research: the international mobility in aging study. J Cross-Cult Gerontol. 2018;33(1):101\u201320.","journal-title":"J Cross-Cult Gerontol."},{"key":"18111_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","volume":"30","author":"JE Ware Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473\u201383.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"18111_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","volume":"46","author":"RA Washburn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(2):153\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"18111_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2000.11082790","volume":"71","author":"RA Washburn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Washburn RA. Assessment of physical activity in older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71(sup2):79\u201387.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"18111_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85","volume":"49","author":"JM Guralnik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49(2):M85\u201394.","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"9","key":"18111_CR46","first-page":"1313","volume":"18","author":"E Jones","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jones E, Hanly J, Mooney R, Rand L, Spurway P, Eastwood B, et al. Strength and function in the normal and rheumatoid hand. J Rheumatol. 1991;18(9):1313\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01839-7","volume":"20","author":"F B\u00e9land","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00e9land F, Julien D, Wolfson C, Bergman H, Gaudreau P, Galand C, et al. Revisiting the hypothesis of syndromic frailty: a cross-sectional study of the structural validity of the frailty phenotype. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"18111_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3917\/gs.109.0015","volume":"109","author":"H Bergman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bergman H, B\u00e9land F, Karunananthan S, Hummel S, Hogan D, Wolfson C. Developing a working framework for understanding frailty Howard Bergman, MD. G\u00e9rontol Soc. 2004;109:15\u201329.","journal-title":"G\u00e9rontol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"18111_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0045-6","volume":"14","author":"R Gobbens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gobbens R, Luijkx K, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Schols J. Towards an integral conceptual model of frailty. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14(3):175\u201381.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"18111_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, B\u00e9dirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"18111_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.10.018","volume":"58","author":"DL Groll","year":"2005","unstructured":"Groll DL, To T, Bombardier C, Wright JG. The development of a comorbidity index with physical function as the outcome. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58(6):595\u2013602.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"18111_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric depression scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol: J Aging Ment Health. 1986;5.","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09"},{"issue":"12","key":"18111_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03060120024016","volume":"185","author":"S Katz","year":"1963","unstructured":"Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. Studies of illness in the aged: the index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. Jama. 1963;185(12):914\u20139.","journal-title":"Jama."},{"issue":"4","key":"18111_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.4.367","volume":"61","author":"F B\u00e9land","year":"2006","unstructured":"B\u00e9land F, Bergman H, Lebel P, Clarfield AM, Tousignant P, Contandriopoulos A-P, et al. A system of integrated care for older persons with disabilities in Canada: results from a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 2006;61(4):367\u201373.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci"},{"issue":"3_Part_1","key":"18111_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","volume":"9","author":"MP Lawton","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3_Part_1):179\u201386.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"18111_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980800013015","volume":"20","author":"M Finlayson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Finlayson M, Havens B. Changes over time in long-term care use, ADL and IADL among the oldest-old participants of the aging in Manitoba longitudinal study. Can J Aging\/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement. 2001;20(2):271\u201390.","journal-title":"Can J Aging\/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement"},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR57","first-page":"S46","volume":"53","author":"WD Spector","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spector WD, Fleishman JA. Combining activities of daily living with instrumental activities of daily living to measure functional disability. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1998;53(1):S46\u201357.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"18111_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003147","volume":"17","author":"A Gil-Salcedo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gil-Salcedo A, Dugravot A, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J, Bouillon K, Schnitzler A, et al. Healthy behaviors at age 50 years and frailty at older ages in a 20-year follow-up of the UK Whitehall II cohort: a longitudinal study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(7):e1003147.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"18111_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kax033","volume":"52","author":"LC Kobayashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kobayashi LC, Steptoe A. Social isolation, loneliness, and health behaviors at older ages: longitudinal cohort study. Ann Behav Med. 2018;52(7):582\u201393.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"18111_CR60","volume-title":"Mplus user's guide: statistical analysis with latent variables, user's guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muthen B. Mplus user\u2019s guide: statistical analysis with latent variables, user\u2019s guide. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"18111_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915205","volume":"21","author":"Z Wen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wen Z, Marsh HW, Hau K-T, Wu Y, Liu H, Morin AJ. Interaction effects in latent growth models: evaluation of alternative estimation approaches. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2014;21(3):361\u201374.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"18111_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00349","volume":"9","author":"M Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim M, Hsu H-Y, Kwok O-m, Seo S. The optimal starting model to search for the accurate growth trajectory in latent growth models. Front Psychol. 2018;9:349.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"18111_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr4003_5","volume":"40","author":"DJ Bauer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bauer DJ, Curran PJ. Probing interactions in fixed and multilevel regression: inferential and graphical techniques. Multivar Behav Res. 2005;40(3):373\u2013400.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"18111_CR64","first-page":"143165","volume-title":"Growth mixture modeling: Analysis with non-Gaussian random effects","author":"B Muth\u00e9n","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n B, Asparouhov T. Growth mixture modeling: Analysis with non-Gaussian random effects. Longitudinal data analysis; 2008. p. 143165."},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022634","volume":"16","author":"B Muth\u00e9n","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n B, Asparouhov T, Hunter AM, Leuchter AF. Growth modeling with nonignorable dropout: alternative analyses of the STAR* D antidepressant trial. Psychol Methods. 2011;16(1):17.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.141","volume":"42","author":"NI Eisenberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eisenberger NI, Moieni M, Inagaki TK, Muscatell KA, Irwin MR. In sickness and in health: the co-regulation of inflammation and social behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):242\u201353.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"issue":"4","key":"18111_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv202","volume":"71","author":"HE Whitson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whitson HE, Duan-Porter W, Schmader KE, Morey MC, Cohen HJ, Col\u00f3n-Emeric CS. Physical resilience in older adults: systematic review and development of an emerging construct. J Gerontol A: Biomed Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(4):489\u201395.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A: Biomed Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"18111_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01864-6","volume":"20","author":"M Fiordelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fiordelli M, Sak G, Guggiari B, Schulz PJ, Petrocchi S. Differentiating objective and subjective dimensions of social isolation and apprasing their relations with physical and mental health in italian older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"18111_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e045834","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045834","volume":"11","author":"T Noguchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noguchi T, Saito M, Aida J, Cable N, Tsuji T, Koyama S, et al. Association between social isolation and depression onset among older adults: a cross-national longitudinal study in England and Japan. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e045834.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"18111_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200103000-00011","volume":"63","author":"JS House","year":"2001","unstructured":"House JS. Social isolation kills, but how and why? Psychosom Med. 2001;63(2):273\u20134.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"18111_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00422-y","volume":"12","author":"C Uno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uno C, Okada K, Matsushita E, Satake S, Kuzuya M. Friendship-related social isolation is a potential risk factor for the transition from robust to prefrailty among healthy older adults: a 1-year follow-up study. Eur Geriatr Med. 2021;12:285\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med."},{"key":"18111_CR72","volume-title":"Handbook of theories of aging (3rd ed)","author":"B Uchino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uchino B, Ong A, Queen T, Kent de Grey R. Theories of social support in health and aging. In: Handbook of theories of aging (3rd ed). New York, NY: Springer; 2016."},{"issue":"6","key":"18111_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbs081","volume":"67","author":"MK Peek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peek MK, Howrey BT, Ternent RS, Ray LA, Ottenbacher KJ. Social support, stressors, and frailty among older Mexican American adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2012;67(6):755\u201364.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"18111_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa072","volume":"60","author":"Y Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin Y, Si H, Qiao X, Tian X, Liu X, Xue Q-L, et al. Relationship between frailty and depression among community-dwelling older adults: the mediating and moderating role of social support. Gerontologist. 2020;60(8):1466\u201375.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"18111_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw125","volume":"45","author":"J Min","year":"2016","unstructured":"Min J, Ailshire J, Crimmins EM. Social engagement and depressive symptoms: do baseline depression status and type of social activities make a difference? Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):838\u201343.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"18111_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1054-0","volume":"22","author":"L Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma L, Sun F, Tang Z. Social frailty is associated with physical functioning, cognition, and depression, and predicts mortality. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22:989\u201395.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"18111_CR77","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Age-friendly cities and communities: New directions for research and policy","author":"T Buffel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buffel T, Phillipson C, R\u00e9millard-Boilard S. Age-friendly cities and communities: New directions for research and policy. Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging; Gu, D, Dupre, ME; 2019. p. 1\u201311."},{"key":"18111_CR78","volume-title":"World report on ageing and health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. World health Organization; 2015. Report No.: 9241565047."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18230-5","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000}}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18111-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18111-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18111-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T21:32:25Z","timestamp":1710279145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18111-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["18111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18111-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2795811\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18230-5","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18230-5","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All FR\u00e9LE participants provided signed informed consent. The Jewish General Hospital\u2019s Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for the FR\u00e9LE study (12\/01\/2010). The Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montr\u00e9al Research Ethics Board (#CODIM-MBM-17-146;15\/08\/2023) and the Health Research Ethics Board of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al approved the ethical oversight for the present study (#17\u2013162-CERES-D;25\/08\/2023). This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"None applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"602"}}