{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:08:40Z","timestamp":1790665720153,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through contaminated blood or bodily fluids. Globally, over 81\u00a0million blood units are donated annually, a crucial therapeutic procedure without alternatives. However, blood-borne infections, including HBV, pose a significant hurdle to safe transfusions, especially in HBV-endemic regions like Somalia with limited screening. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection and identify risk factors associated with it among blood donors in Mogadishu, Somalia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between February and April 2023. Research tools included a 5-ml blood sample and a structured questionnaire. The presence or absence of HB markers was determined using a multi-HB rapid test and CDC\u2019s HB marker interpretation guideline. Logistic regression was used in univariate and multivariate models to identify risk factors associated with HBV infection, with significance set at a p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in the final model.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 494 blood donors were recruited for this study; 93.9% were male, with a mean age of 31.5 (SD\u2009=\u20098.11). The prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among blood donors was 9.7%, with a 95% CI of 7.1\u201312.3. In multivariable logistic regression, those with a monthly income of less than 200 USD (AOR\u2009=\u20095.20, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.61\u201316.79), those with an income between 200 and 400 (AOR\u2009=\u20093.59, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.38\u20139.34), Jobless blood donors (AOR\u2009=\u20093.78, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.17\u201312.20), those in business occupations (AOR\u2009=\u20093.35, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.24\u20139.08), those with a history of STDs (AOR\u2009=\u20094.83, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.03\u201311.50), those without a history of HB vaccine (AOR\u2009=\u200913.81, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.46\u201377.41), those with a history of tooth extraction (AOR\u2009=\u20096.90, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.66\u201317.88), and those who shared sharp equipment (AOR\u2009=\u20092.90, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.07\u20137.82) were more likely to become infected with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) compared to their counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study highlights a high prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Implementation efforts against HBV infection should specifically focus on low-income individuals, the jobless, and donors with a history of STD to mitigate the burden of HBV infection and promote safer blood donation. In addition, discouraging the sharing of sharp equipment, improving infection control practices during tooth extraction procedures, and enhancing HB vaccination uptake, particularly among individuals lacking a history of HB vaccine, is highly recommended.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18136-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:01:46Z","timestamp":1709546506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Assessment of prevalence and risk factors associated with Hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors in Mogadishu Somalia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Abdirahman Khalif","family":"Mohamud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamornsri","family":"Inchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirinan","family":"Suwannaporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriengkrai","family":"Prasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najib Isse","family":"Dirie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"18136_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcvp.2022.100122","volume":"2","author":"D Mekonnen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mekonnen D, Solomon T, Nigatu M. Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus and its predictors among volunteer blood donors in Jimma, Ethiopia, 2018: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Virol Plus. 2022;2(4):100122.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol Plus"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2230-2","volume":"17","author":"A Ishizaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ishizaki A, Bouscaillou J, Luhmann N, Liu S, Chua R, Walsh N, Hess S, Ivanova E, Roberts T, Easterbrook P. Survey of programmatic experiences and challenges in delivery of hepatitis B and C testing in low-and middle-income countries. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):129\u201340.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9963","key":"18136_CR3","first-page":"117","volume":"385","author":"V Aboyans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aboyans VCauses of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet (British Edition). 2015;385(9963):117\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet (British Edition)"},{"key":"18136_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection: Mar-15. Volume 5. World Health Organization; 2015 Aug."},{"key":"18136_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abebe M, Alemnew B, Biset S. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among blood donors in nekemte blood bank, Western Oromia, Ethiopia: retrospective 5 years study. J Blood Med 2020 Dec 31:543\u201350.","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S282099"},{"key":"18136_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5348\/ijbti-2017-29-OA-2","volume":"7","author":"F Bonja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonja F, Hussein M, Alemu J, Gemechu D, Birhaneselassie M. The prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections: a focus on hepatitis B virus among blood donors at Hawassa blood bank center, southern Ethiopia. Int J Blood Transfus Immunohematol. 2017;7:7\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Blood Transfus Immunohematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"18136_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5897\/JMLD2016.0122","volume":"7","author":"GM Weldearegay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weldearegay GM. Prevalence and associated risk factors of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus among volunteer blood donors in Arba Minch Blood Bank SNNPR, Ethiopia. J Med Lab Diagnosis. 2016;7(4):20\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Lab Diagnosis"},{"key":"18136_CR8","unstructured":"WHO, Hepatitis. B virus| WHO| Regional Office for Africa [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/hepatitis [cited 2022 Oct 16]. 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"18136_CR9","first-page":"293","volume":"7","author":"FI Buseri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buseri FI, Muhibi MA, Jeremiah ZA. Sero-epidemiology of transfusion-transmissible infectious diseases among blood donors in Osogbo, south-west Nigeria. Blood Transfus. 2009;7(4):293\u20139.","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"18136_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoroiwu HU, Okafor IM, Asemota EA, Okpokam DC. Seroprevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections (HBV, HCV, Syphilis and HIV) among prospective blood donors in a tertiary health care facility in Calabar, Nigeria; an eleven years evaluation. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5555-x"},{"key":"18136_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartonjo G, Oundo J, Ng\u2019ang\u2019a Z. Prevalence and associated risk factors of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors at regional blood transfusion center nakuru and tenwek mission hospital, Kenya. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;34.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.34.31.17885"},{"key":"18136_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed Y, Bekele A. Seroprevalence of transfusion transmitted infection among blood donors at Jijiga blood bank, Eastern Ethiopia: Retrospective 4 years study Infectious diseases. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1925-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3174-x","volume":"18","author":"N Siraj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Siraj N, Achila OO, Issac J, Menghisteab E, Hailemariam M, Hagos S, Gebremeskel Y, Tesfamichael D. Seroprevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors at National Blood Transfusion Service, Eritrea: a seven-year retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"18136_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12144","volume":"53","author":"TTA Lucky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lucky TTA, Seed CR, Keller A, Lee J, McDonald A, Ismay S, et al. Trends in transfusion-transmissible infections among Australian blood donors from 2005 to 2010. Transfus (Paris). 2013;53(11):2751\u201362.","journal-title":"Transfus (Paris)"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003441","volume":"124","author":"YA Nur","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nur YA, Groen J, Elmi AM, Ott A, Osterhaus AD. Prevalence of serum antibodies against bloodborne and sexually transmitted agents in selected groups in Somalia. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;124(1):137\u201341.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"18136_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v13i4.6028","volume":"13","author":"MO Mohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed MO, Ebar MH, Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Anti-Hepatitis C. Human immunodeficiency viruses and Treponema Pallidum among Random Blood donors at Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital (SSSH), Mogadishu, Somalia. J Drug Delivery Ther. 2023;13(4):42\u20135.","journal-title":"J Drug Delivery Ther"},{"issue":"34","key":"18136_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i34.3927","volume":"24","author":"MA Hassan-Kadle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hassan-Kadle MA, Osman MS, Ogurtsov PP. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Somalia: systematic review and meta-analysis study. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(34):3927.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"18136_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeele MO, Addow RO, Adan FN, Jimale LH. Prevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis B and hepatitis c infections among patients undergoing hemodialysis: a single-centre study in Somalia. International Journal of Nephrology. 2021;2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1555775"},{"key":"18136_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamud MH, Aweis AD, Adam AS, Mohamed FA, Fidow SQ, Mohamed LM. Distribution and Frequency of ABO and Rhesus (D) Blood Groups in Somalia: A Retrospective Study on Students of Jazeera University, Mogadishu-Somalia. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7981325"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04723-x","volume":"23","author":"AK Mohamud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamud AK, Ahmed OA, Mohamud AA, Dirie NI. Prevalence of and factors associated with depression among adult patients living with HIV\/AIDs undergoing ART unit in Banadir hospital, Mogadishu Somalia. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"18136_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000672","volume":"85","author":"AK Mohamud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamud AK, Ahmed OA, Ali IA, Dirie NI. Demographical, clinical, and complication differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated hospitalized children with measles in Mogadishu Somalia: a hospital-based retrospective cohort study. Annals Med Surg. 2023;85(5):1550.","journal-title":"Annals Med Surg"},{"key":"18136_CR22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Preventions(CDC). Interpretation of Hepatitis B Serologic Test. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/hbv\/interpretationOfHepBSerologicResults.htm#print."},{"issue":"2","key":"18136_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232","volume":"35","author":"J Charan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian J Psychol Med. 2013;35(2):121\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7788.59946","volume":"1","author":"P Kadam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kadam P, Bhalerao S. Sample size calculation. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010;1(1):55.","journal-title":"Int J Ayurveda Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR25","first-page":"14","volume":"6","author":"MA Pourhoseingholi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pourhoseingholi MA, Vahedi M, Rahimzadeh M. Sample size calculation in medical studies. Gastroenterol Hepatol bed Bench. 2013;6(1):14.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol bed Bench"},{"issue":"2","key":"18136_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327574IJT0302_5","volume":"3","author":"RC Turner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turner RC, Carlson L. Indexes of item-objective congruence for multidimensional items. Int J Test. 2003;3(2):163\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Test"},{"key":"18136_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM, Sionean C, Crosby R, Harrington K, Davies S, HOOK MK III. Association of adolescents\u2019 history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) and their current high-risk behavior and STD status: a case for intensifying clinic-based prevention efforts. Sex Transm Dis. 2002 Sep;1:503\u20139.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200209000-00002"},{"key":"18136_CR28","unstructured":"In-Tec PRODUCTSINC. Advanced Quality One Step Multi-HBV Test is a rapid, qualitative, immunoassay for the determination of HBV Markers Available from: https:\/\/www.intecasi.com\/one-step-multi-hbv-test-device_p19.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17","volume":"3","author":"Z Bursac","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Source Code Biol Med"},{"key":"18136_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer DW Jr, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX. Applied logistic regression. Wiley; 2013 Apr. p. 1.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR31","first-page":"39","volume":"65","author":"X Dray","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dray X, Dray-Spira R, Bronstein JA, Mattera D. Prevalences of HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in blood donors in the Republic of Djibouti. Med Tropicale: Revue Du Corps De Sante Colonial. 2005;65(1):39\u201342.","journal-title":"Med Tropicale: Revue Du Corps De Sante Colonial"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-115","volume":"5","author":"JT Dongdem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dongdem JT, Kampo S, Soyiri IN, Asebga PN, Ziem JB, Sagoe K. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana (2009). BMC Res Notes. 2012;5(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"10","key":"18136_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139947","volume":"10","author":"DD Xie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xie DD, Li J, Chen JT, Eyi UM, Matesa RA, Obono MM, Ehapo CS, Yang LY, Yang H, Yang HT, Lin M. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and Treponema pallidum infections among blood donors on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(10):e0139947.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"18136_CR34","first-page":"419","volume":"9","author":"MB Nagalo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nagalo MB, Sanou M, Bisseye C, Kabor\u00e9 MI, Nebie YK, Kienou K, Kiba A, Dahourou H, Ouattara S, Zongo JD, Simpor\u00e9 J. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses and syphilis among blood donors in Koudougou (Burkina Faso) in 2009. Blood Transfus. 2011;9(4):419.","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"18136_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodd RY, Notari EP, Stramer SL. Current prevalence and incidence of infectious disease markers and estimated window-period risk in the American Red Cross blood donor population. 2002.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00174.x"},{"key":"18136_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessoni LL, de Aquino \u00c9C, Alc\u00e2ntara KC. de. Prevalence and trends in transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Brazil from 2010 to 2016. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2019;41(4):310\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.htct.2019.03.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"18136_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4812","volume":"9","author":"N L\u00f3pez-Balderas","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Balderas N, Bravo E, C\u00e1mara M, Hern\u00e1ndez-Romano P. Seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses and risk factors in blood donors of Veracruz, Mexico. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(3):274\u201382.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"8","key":"18136_CR38","first-page":"767","volume":"169","author":"JA Chiavetta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chiavetta JA, Escobar M, Newman A, He Y, Driezen P, Deeks S, et al. Incidence and estimated rates of residual risk for HIV, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses in blood donors in Canada, 1990\u20132000. CMAJ. 2003;169(8):767\u201373.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"18136_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102012000600004","volume":"46","author":"JA Bedoya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bedoya JA, Cort\u00e9s M\u00e1rquez MM, Cardona Arias JA. Seroprevalence of markers of transfusion transmissible infections in blood bank in Colombia. Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica. 2012;46:950\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"4","key":"18136_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094528","volume":"9","author":"Y Song","year":"2014","unstructured":"Song Y, Bian Y, Petzold M, Ung COL. Prevalence and trend of major transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Western China, 2005 through 2010. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4):e94528.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"18136_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li C, Xiao X, Yin H, He M, Li J, Dai Y et al. Prevalence and prevalence trends of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors at four chinese regional blood centers between 2000 and 2010 [Internet]. 2012. Available from: http:\/\/www.translational-medicine.com\/content\/10\/1\/176.","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-176"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.94452","volume":"1","author":"P Giri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giri P, Deshpande J, Phalke D, Karle L. Seroprevalence of transfusion transmissible infections among voluntary blood donors at a tertiary care teaching hospital in rural area of India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2012;1(1):48.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"18136_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arshad A, Borhany M, Anwar N, Naseer I, Ansari R, Boota S et al. Prevalence of transfusion transmissible infections in blood donors of Pakistan. BMC Hematol. 2016;16(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12878-016-0068-2"},{"key":"18136_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attaullah S, Khan S, Khan J. Trend of transfusion transmitted infections frequency in blood donors: provide a road map for its prevention and control. J Transl Med. 2012;10(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-20"},{"key":"18136_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha AC, Ghimre P, Tiwari BR, Rajkarnikar M. Transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Kathmandu, Nepal. 2009.","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.311"},{"key":"18136_CR46","unstructured":"Nimnuch P, Jeumjanya N, Intharanut K, Nathalang O. Prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections in donated blood at Thammasat University. 31, J Hematol Transfus Med. 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-21","volume":"6","author":"MI Matee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matee MI, Magesa PM, Lyamuya EF. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses and syphilis infections among blood donors at the Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2006;6(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"18136_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-111","volume":"10","author":"B Tessema","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tessema B, Yismaw G, Kassu A, Amsalu A, Mulu A, Emmrich F, Sack U. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis infections among blood donors at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: declining trends over a period of five years. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16562-2","volume":"23","author":"AK Mohamud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamud AK, Ali IA, Ali AI, Dirie NI, Inchon P, Ahmed OA, Mohamud AA. Assessment of healthcare workers\u2019 knowledge and attitude on Ebola virus disease in Somalia: a multicenter nationwide survey. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1650.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"18136_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000880","volume":"85","author":"AK Mohamud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamud AK, Ahmed OA, Mohamud AA, Dirie NI. Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors among adult people living with human immune deficient virus on art at selected public hospital, mogadishu somalia: cross-sectional study. Annals Med Surg. 2023;85(7):3364\u201371.","journal-title":"Annals Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR51","first-page":"118","volume":"5","author":"UI Ismoilova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ismoilova UI. DISEASE HEPATITIS B. J Coryphaeus Sci. 2023;5(1):118\u201328.","journal-title":"J Coryphaeus Sci"},{"key":"18136_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babanejad M, Izadi N, Najafi F, Alavian SM. The HBsAg prevalence among blood donors from Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepat Monthly. 2016;16(3).","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.35664"},{"key":"18136_CR53","unstructured":"Moniri R, MOSAYEBI Z, MOUSAVI GA. Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies among volunteer blood donors."},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803008653","volume":"131","author":"TA Sallam","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sallam TA, Tong CY, Cuevas LE, YA RA, Othman AM, Al-Kharsa KR. Prevalence of blood-borne viral hepatitis in different communities in Yemen. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;131(1):771\u20135.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"18136_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-6.12.1","volume":"6","author":"HO Sawyerr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sawyerr HO, Yusuf RO, Adeolu AT. Risk factors and rates of hepatitis B virus infection among municipal waste management workers and scavengers in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. J Health Pollution. 2016;6(12):1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Health Pollution"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3747-3","volume":"19","author":"T Apidechkul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Apidechkul T. Seroprevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among the hill tribe youths, northern Thailand. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1\u20131.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"18136_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashemi-Shahri SM, Sharifi-Mood B, Kouhpayeh HR, Moazen J, Farrokhian M, Salehi M. Sexually transmitted infections among hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV\/AIDS) in Zahedan, Southeastern Iran. Int J high risk Behav Addict. 2016;5(3).","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhrba.28028"},{"key":"18136_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasgupta A. Sexually transmitted viral infections. InViral infections and Antiviral therapies 2023 Jan 1 (pp. 85\u201398). Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91814-5.00028-3"},{"key":"18136_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Souza RL, dos Santos Madeira LD, Pereira MV, da Silva RM, de Luna Sales JB, Azevedo VN, Feitosa RN, Monteiro JC, de Oliveira M, Ishak R, Ribeiro AL. Prevalence of syphilis in female sex workers in three countryside cities of the state of Par\u00e1, Brazilian Amazon. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2020;20:1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4850-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15992-2","volume":"23","author":"AS Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali AS, Hussein NA, Elmi EO, Ismail AM, Abdi MM. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and associated factors among medical students: a cross-sectional study in Bosaso, Somalia, 2021. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"18136_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein NA, Ismail AM, Jama SS. Assessment of Hepatitis B Vaccination Status and Associated Factors among Healthcare Workers in Bosaso, Puntland, Somalia 2020. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9074294"},{"key":"18136_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan YS, Hassan SA, Ahmed NR. Uptake of hepatitis B vaccination and associated factors among health sciences students, Mogadishu, Somalia. Front Public Health. 2023;11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1203519"},{"issue":"9","key":"18136_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1086\/513435","volume":"195","author":"JT Redd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Redd JT, Baumbach J, Kohn W, Nainan O, Khristova M, Williams I. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with oral surgery. J Infect Dis. 2007;195(9):1311\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"18136_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232653","volume":"15","author":"B Bancha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bancha B, Kinfe AA, Chanko KP, Workie SB, Tadese T. Prevalence of hepatitis B viruses and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in public hospitals of Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(5):e0232653.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"18136_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dirie NI, Adam MH, Garba B, Dahie HA, Nur MA, Mohamed FY, Mohamud AK, Hassan J. The prevalence of urolithiasis in subjects undergoing computer tomography in selected referral diagnostic centers in Mogadishu, Somalia. Front Public Health. 2023;11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1203640"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001530","volume":"86","author":"AI Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali AI, Aden AI, Mohamud AK. Dermoscopic findings in Tinea Capitis among under 18 children in dermatology polyclinic patients: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Annals Med Surg. 2024;86(1):121\u20136.","journal-title":"Annals Med Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"18136_CR67","first-page":"32","volume":"2","author":"A Batool","year":"2008","unstructured":"Batool A, Bano KA. Antenatal screening of women for hepatitis B and C in an out-patient department. J Dow Univ Health Sci (JDUHS). 2008;2(1):32\u20135.","journal-title":"J Dow Univ Health Sci (JDUHS)"},{"key":"18136_CR68","first-page":"E91","volume":"15","author":"JH Kao","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kao JH, Chen DS. Transmission of hepatitis C virus in Asia: past and present perspectives. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15:E91\u20136.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18136-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18136-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18136-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T15:08:05Z","timestamp":1709910485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18136-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["18136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18136-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee on Human Research at Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand. The Ethical Committee on Human Research at Mae Fah Luang University approved the study procedure under protocol number (22205-18). All eligible participants were briefed on the study\u2019s objectives and invited to participate. Those who agreed, and were literate, provided written informed consent by signing a form. For illiterate participants, their legally authorized representative provided written informed consent and explained its contents to them. Illiterate participants who agreed to take part provided a fingerprint instead of a signature, ensuring their decision was made freely and without coercion. Furthermore, all participants were informed of their full rights to participate or withdraw from the interview at any time. Confidentiality was maintained, questionnaires remained anonymous, and data were presented only as aggregate information without disclosing individual details.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consideration of the study"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"While the study exhibits various strengths, it is essential to recognize its limitations. Firstly, the cross-sectional design\u2019s nature hinders the establishment of causal relationships. Furthermore, the study questionnaire wasn\u2019t translated into the Somali language; instead, verbal translation occurred during data collection, as English serves as the common language among educated individuals and officials.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Limitations of the study"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they do not have any competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"690"}}