{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:05:43Z","timestamp":1784088343459,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hazardous drinking and drug consumption are associated with an increased risk of HIV due to the complex interplay of factors influencing decision-making capability, stigma and social marginalization. In this study, we explore the patterns of hazardous alcohol and drug use and correlates of risk factors among female sex workers (FSW) and men who as sex with men (MSM) in Mozambique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary data analysis of bio-behavioral surveys (BBS) among FSW and MSM using a respondent-driven sampling methodology conducted in five main urban areas of Mozambique from 2019 to 20. The survey included a standardized questionnaire, where hazardous drinking was assessed (using AUDIT-C scores\u2009\u2265\u20094 for men, \u2265 3 for women) and drug use in the last year (FSW). Chi-squared test was used to analyze the association between socio-demographic and behavioral variables, and multivariate logistic regression measured the impact of the associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of hazardous alcohol drinking was 47.1% (95% CI:44.8\u201349.5) for FSW and 46.5 (95% CI: 44.0\u201349.0) for MSM. Current drug use was reported in 13.3% of FSW. FSW engaging in hazardous alcohol drinking reported more sexual partners in the last month than those no reporting hazardous alcohol use (55.3% vs. 47,1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), higher rates of self-reported STIs in the last year (62,5% vs. 48,2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), physical (53.5% vs. 46.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and sexual violence (54.7% vs. 44.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and HIV prevalence (55.2% vs. 44.2\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Among MSM with hazardous alcohol drinking, there was a higher prevalence of self-reported STIs (52.8% vs. 45.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), experiences of sexual violence (18.0% vs. 8.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and HIV prevalence (53.0% vs. 46.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In addition, FSW who reported illicit drug use were more likely to self-reported HIV own risk (14.2% vs. 9.7%), early start sexual activity (15.4% vs. 5.3%), self-reported STIs (17.9% vs. 10.2%), and experiences of both physical (17.4% vs. 7.0%) and sexual violence (18.6% vs. 8.9%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is an immediate need for the introduction and integration of comprehensive substance use harm mitigation and mental health interventions into HIV prevention programs, particularly those targeting key populations in Mozambique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18273-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T04:02:21Z","timestamp":1710993741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of hazardous alcohol drinking and drug use among female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Sem\u00e1 Baltazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8721-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachid","family":"Muleia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7384-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Auria","family":"Ribeiro Banze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5362-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makini","family":"Boothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"18273_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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The Institutional Ethics Committee (CIE-INS) and the National Bioethics Committee for Health in Mozambique (CNBS) provided ethical approval, ensuring compliance with ethical standards. Participants provided written informed consent. Specifically, special ethical approval to include FSW 15\u201317 was provided, who were classified as financially independent and living independently from their parents. Personal identifiers were not collected from participants, except for their consent form signatures, which were safely stored. The study did not involve individuals under the age of 15 for FSWs and under the age of 18 MSM, nor did it include illiterate participants. The Mozambique National Institute of Health granted the necessary administrative permissions to access the raw data for this analysis. This data was anonymized, containing no identifiable personal information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"872"}}