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To win and maintain the \u201cgolden city\u201d title, municipal governments must pay close attention to various key appraisal indicators, mainly environmental ones. In this study we verify whether cities with the title are more likely to mitigate SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pollution. We adopt the spatial Durbin difference-in-differences (DID) model and use panel data of 283 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2018 to analyze the local (direct) and spillover effects (indirect) of the NCC policy on SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pollution. We find that SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pollution in Chinese cities is not randomly distributed in geography, suggesting the existence of spatial spillovers and possible biased estimates. Our study treats the NCC policy as a quasi-experiment and incorporates spatial spillovers of NCC policy into a classical DID model to verify this assumption. Our findings show: (1) The spatial distribution of SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pollution represents strong spatial spillovers, with the most highly polluted regions mainly situated in the North China Plain. (2) The Moran\u2019s I test results confirms significant spatial autocorrelation. (3) Results of the spatial Durbin DID models reveal that the civilized cities have indeed significantly mitigated SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pollution, indicating that cities with the honorary title are acutely aware of the environment in their bid to maintain the golden city brand. As importantly, we notice that the spatial DID term is also significant and negative, implying that neighboring civilized cities have also mitigated their own SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pollution. Due to demonstration and competition effects, neighboring cities that won the title ostensibly motivates local officials to adopt stringent policies and measures for lowering SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pollution and protecting the environment in competition for the golden title. The spatial autoregressive coefficient was significant and positive, indicating that SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pollution of local cities has been deeply affected by neighbors. A series of robustness check tests also confirms our conclusions. Policy recommendations based on the findings for protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development are proposed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18671-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T03:01:50Z","timestamp":1714791710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Does \u201cNational Civilized City\u201d policy mitigate air pollution in China? 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