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The associations of HIV-related factors and traditional risk factors with the CVD incidence were investigated during the overall study period, and by different follow-up periods (i.e., 0-5yrs, 6-10yrs 11-15yrs) using multivariable logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 9,082 eligible participants, the incidence of CVD was 18.64 cases per 1000 person-years. Overall, conventional risk factors, such as tobacco use, hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD), were persistently associated with the outcome across all three groups. While HIV-related factors, such as recent CD4 count (e.g., &gt;\u2009350 vs. &lt;200 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      : adjusted odds ratio [aOR] range: 0.18\u20130.25), and percent of years in retention (e.g., 31\u201375% vs. 0\u201330%: aOR range: 0.24\u20130.57) were associated with lower odds of CVD incidence regardless of different follow up periods. The impact of the percent of days with viral suppression gradually diminished as the follow-up period increased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maintaining an optimal viral suppression might prevent CVD incidence in the short term, whereas restoring immune recovery may be beneficial for reducing CVD risk regardless of the duration of HIV diagnosis. Our findings suggest the necessity of conducting more targeted interventions during different periods of HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18672-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T04:02:39Z","timestamp":1714017759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The dynamic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a real-world data study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ziang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Weissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bankole","family":"Olatosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"LI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"18672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00028-0","volume":"10","author":"A Trickey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trickey A, Sabin CA, Burkholder G, Crane H, d\u2019Arminio Monforte A, Egger M, Gill MJ, Grabar S, Guest JL, Jarrin I, et al. 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Due to the use of secondary data, the USC IRB has granted the planned study a \u2018non-human subject research designation and has waived the need for an informed consent of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1162"}}