{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:04:28Z","timestamp":1789095868796,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mpox, is a zoonosis that is known to be endemic in several Central and West African countries. Recently, in 2022, it has emerged in Europe and United States, what raised the alarm to be declared in July\u00a02022 as a public health event of international concern. This study aimed to give insight about the recent spread of mpox in Sudan, and documents the epidemiologic situation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through a cross-sectional design, Sudan mpox data was extracted from the disease surveillance line-list at the national level at Sudan Federal Ministry of Health. the data was customized and then analyzed using Epi Info7 software. Analysis was done using frequencies and percentages and the results presented in tables and figures. Permission and ethical approval were obtained from the Health Emergency and Epidemic Control Directorate at the Federal Ministry of Health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outbreak of mpox was confirmed after testing of initial specimens outside Sudan with positivity rate of 72%. Later the cases continued to be reported based on the clinical diagnosis and standard case definition. Out of 375 reported cases, 54.4% were males, while 45.6% were females. The age of cases ranged from one month to 78 years with majority (41.1%) of the cases were children under 5 years of age. Regarding the reported symptoms, all cases had the characteristic skin rash and 74.1% of them had fever. Other symptoms included, headache (31.5%), sore throat (30.9%) and lymphadenopathy (26.1%). For occupation, 35.7% were preschool and 10.4% were school children, 9% of cases were prisoners. Around 22 (5.8%) reported contact history with a confirmed case, while (5.6%) of the cases were imported cases. Cases were reported from 17 states with 42 affected localities (districts) with an overall attack rate of 2.36\/ 100,000. The highest number of cases was reported from Gadaref (45.3%), West Darfur (25.9%), Khartoum (13.3%) and north Darfur (3.5%). In Gadaref, 146 (85.8%) of the cases were from a refugees\u2019 camp. Started in epi week 19, the outbreak peaked in week 38 and last in week 42.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mpox was confirmed in the new Sudan for the first time with cases reported in most of states. Although importation of the virus is hypothesized, internal hidden circulation is possible and more in-depth investigation is highly recommended. The higher rate of infection among preschool, school children and refugees, highlights the need to strengthen the prevention and control measures in schools and camps. More focus on the data completeness is required for better understanding of the disease and can be ensured by the surveillance directorate through training of staff and updating of reporting forms. Strengthening the lab capacity inside the country is a necessity to ensure testing of all the clinically diagnosed cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19058-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T03:02:42Z","timestamp":1725937362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Monkeypox pandemic in Sudan, surveillance epidemiologic report, 2022"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Izzoddeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Elbadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Nageeb Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Magbol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muntasir","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"19058_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703","volume":"58","author":"AM McCollum","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCollum AM, Damon IK. Human monkeypox. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(2):260\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"19058_CR2","first-page":"593","volume":"46","author":"ID Ladnyj","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima EJ. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;46(5):593.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"8","key":"19058_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa559","volume":"225","author":"MR Mauldin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mauldin MR, McCollum AM, Nakazawa YJ, Mandra A, Whitehouse ER, Davidson W, Zhao H, Gao J, Li Y, Doty J, Yinka-Ogunleye A. Exportation of monkeypox virus from the African continent. J Infect Dis. 2022;225(8):1367\u201376.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"19058_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21943","volume":"43","author":"H Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang H, Zhang A. Human mpox: Biology, epidemiology, therapeutic options, and development of small molecule inhibitors. Med Res Rev. 2023;43(4):1019\u201337.","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"19058_CR5","first-page":"125","volume":"93","author":"KN Durski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durski KN, McCollum AM, Nakazawa Y, Petersen BW, Reynolds MG, Briand S, Djingarey MH, Olson V, Damon IK, Khalakdina A. Emergence of monkeypox in West Africa and Central Africa, 1970\u20132017\/Emergence de l\u2019orthopoxvirose simienne en afrique de l\u2019Ouest et en Afrique centrale, 1970\u20132017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2018;93(11):125\u201333.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"19058_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1086\/505880","volume":"194","author":"MG Reynolds","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC, Damon IK. Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(6):773\u201380.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10369","key":"19058_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01437-4","volume":"400","author":"C Wenham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wenham C, Eccleston-Turner M. Monkeypox as a PHEIC: implications for global health governance. Lancet. 2022;400(10369):2169\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"19058_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mpox Outbreak 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/situations\/Mpox-oubreak-2022 (10)."},{"key":"19058_CR9","unstructured":"World Health organization. multi-country Mpox outbreak, situation report, 27th June 2022. Accessed: through:https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON396"},{"key":"19058_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","volume":"19","author":"A Yinka-Ogunleye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, CDC Mpox Outbreak Team, et al. Outbreak of human mpox in Nigeria in 2017\u201318: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:872\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"19058_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc060792","volume":"355","author":"IK Damon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Damon IK, Roth CE, Chowdhary V. Discovery of monkeypox in Sudan. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(9):962\u20133.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"19058_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1610.100713","volume":"16","author":"P Formenty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Formenty P, Muntasir MO, Damon I, Chowdhary V, Opoka ML, Monimart C, Mutasim EM, Manuguerra JC, Davidson WB, Karem KL, Cabeza J. Human monkeypox outbreak caused by novel virus belonging to Congo Basin clade, Sudan, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(10):1539.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"19058_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakazawa Y, Emerson GL, Carroll DS, Zhao H, Li Y, Reynolds MG, Karem KL, Olson VA, Lash RR, Davidson WB, Smith SK. Phylogenetic and ecologic perspectives of a monkeypox outbreak, southern Sudan, 2005. Emerging infectious diseases. 2013;19(2):237.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.121220"},{"key":"19058_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.781","volume":"34","author":"I Arita","year":"1985","unstructured":"Arita I, Jezek Z, Khodakevich L, Ruti K. Human mpox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:781\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"19058_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.05.061","volume":"55","author":"TA Sale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sale TA, Melski JW, Stratman EJ. Mpox: an epidemiologic and clinical comparison of African and US disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(3):478\u201381.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"19058_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.15406\/jpnc.2022.12.00462","volume":"12","author":"SA Bala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bala SA, Adeeel FO, Ahmed MA. Sudanese children\u2019s common skin diseases. J Pediatr Neonatal Care. 2022;12(2):89\u201394.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neonatal Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"19058_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324703","volume":"107","author":"J Cohen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cohen J, Ladhani SN, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Monkeypox Working Group. Monkeypox and children. Arch Dis Child. 2022;107(12):1065\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324703. Epub 2022 Sep 2. PMID: 36396164.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"19058_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2020.08.010","volume":"39","author":"V Padovese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Padovese V, Knapp A. Challenges of managing skin diseases in refugees and migrants. Dermatol Clin. 2021;39(1):101\u201315.","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"19058_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15063","volume":"59","author":"AP Knapp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Knapp AP, Rehmus W, Chang AY. Skin diseases in displaced populations: a review of contributing factors, challenges, and approaches to care. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(11):1299\u2013311.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"19058_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14619","volume":"58","author":"M Kibar \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kibar \u00d6zt\u00fcrk M. Skin diseases in rural Nyala, Sudan (in a rural hospital, in 12 orphanages, and in two refugee camps). Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(11):1341\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"19058_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-022-00886-6","volume":"18","author":"EM Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik EM, Abdullah AI, Mohammed SA, Bashir AA, Ibrahim R, Abdalla AM, Osman MM, Mahmoud TA, Alkhidir MA, Elgorashi SG, Alzain MA. Structure, functions, performance and gaps of event-based surveillance (EBS) in Sudan, 2021: a cross-sectional review. Globalization Health. 2022;18(1):98.","journal-title":"Globalization Health"},{"key":"19058_CR22","unstructured":"World Health organization. updates on Mpox, accessed through; https:\/\/www.who.int\/Mpox"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20385-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000}}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19058-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19058-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19058-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T19:38:21Z","timestamp":1741289901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19058-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19058-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3568262\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20385-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20385-0","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"ethical approval was obtained from the Health Emergency and Epidemic Control Directorate at the FMOH.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"2457"}}