{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T20:46:18Z","timestamp":1772311578582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of neurocognitive disorders compared with the general population. Studies suggest that, despite the combination of antiretroviral drugs, HIV infection causes immune activation leading to significant neural damage; however, there is little data on HIV-infected young people in our country.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a comparative cross-sectional study conducted between November 2020 and March 2021 on two hundred and sixteen children aged 6\u201315 years, including 106 HIV-positive children and 108 healthy children. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Differential Ability Scale Second Edition (DAS-II).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>HIV-infected children showed lower cognitive scores than control children in the subtest group of verbal ability (82.1% vs. 43.5%); non-verbal ability (84.9% vs. 45.4%); spatial ability (79.2% vs. 21.3%) and generall conceptual ability (GCA) (88.7% vs. 43.5%). The children in the control group had significantly higher ability scores in the diagnostic tests and in school achievement, and the difference was statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cognitive impairment remains a significant complication in HIV-positive children, as suggested by low cognitive scores in more than half of our participants. This is an unresolved issue with implications for survival, quality of life and daily functioning in these children. It is important that clinicians are able to identify and manage these cognitive deficits.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19398-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T13:20:23Z","timestamp":1722259223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HIV-related cognitive disorders in children in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Esther","family":"Maboso Ekolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aim\u00e9e","family":"Masaya Mupuala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mabiala Bodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolphine","family":"Nkuadiolandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Manyanga Tshibasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"19398_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global hiv statistics. 2019."},{"key":"19398_CR2","unstructured":"Democratic Republic of the Congo. UNCT-CD-UNAIDS date 2019."},{"key":"19398_CR3","unstructured":"Benea CL, Petrescu A. HIV Encephalopathy \u2013 Now and Then. In."},{"key":"19398_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"WAB Suzi Hong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suzi Hong WAB. Role of the immune system in HIV-associated neuroinflammation and neurocognitive implications. Brain Behav Immun. 2016;0:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"19398_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000036","volume":"30","author":"JK Namagga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Namagga JK, Rukundo GZ, Voss JG. Prevalence and risk factors of HIV-associated neurocognitive discorder in rural Southwestern Uganda. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(5):531\u20138.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"19398_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"75","author":"H Brahmbhatt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brahmbhatt H, Boivin M, Ssempijja V, Kagaayi J, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, et al. Impact of HIV and atiretroviral therapy on neurocognitive outcomes among school aged children. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;75(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"19398_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do TC, Kerr SJ, Avihingsanon A, Suksawek S, Klungkang S, Channgam T et al. HIV-associated cognitive performance and psychomotor impairment in a Thai cohort on long-term cART. J Virus Erad. 2018; 2018;4:41\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30243-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"19398_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"53","author":"SL Nichols","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nichols SL, Bethel J, Garvie PA, Patton DE, Thornton S, Kapogiannis BG, et al. Neurocognitive functioning in antiretroviral therapy-na\u00efve youth with behaviorally acquired human immunodeficiency virus. J Adolesc Heal. 2014;53(6):1\u201320.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal"},{"key":"19398_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedaldi EM, Minniti NL, Fischer T. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: the relationship of HIV infection with physical and social comorbidities. 2015;2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/641913"},{"key":"19398_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckard AR, Rosebush JC, Riordan MAO, Graves C, Alexander A, Grover AK et al. Neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV-infected youth: investigatingthe relationship with immune activation. Antivir Ther. 2017. 2018;22(8):669\u201380.","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3157"},{"key":"19398_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Banks LM, Zuurmond M, Ferrand R, Kuper H. The relationship between HIV and prevalence of disabilities in sub-saharan Africa: systematic review (FA)*. Tropical medicine and International Health. PMID: 25495989 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.12449","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12449"},{"key":"19398_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2558","volume":"122","author":"A Vanrie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vanrie A, Mupuala A, Dow A, Rie A, Van, Mupuala A, Dow A. Impact of the HIV \/ AIDS epidemic on the neurodevelopment of preschool-aged children in. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e123\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"19398_CR13","first-page":"955","volume":"5","author":"RD Pasquier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pasquier RD, Annoni J-M, Simioni S, Cavassini M, Ezio Giacobini BH. New spectrum of cognitive impairment associated with HIV infection in the era of triple therapy. Rev Med. 2009;5:955\u201361.","journal-title":"Rev Med"},{"key":"19398_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakasai AM, Gudaji MI, Muhammad H, Ibrahim A, Owolabi LF, Ibrahim DA et al. Prevalence and correlates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in Northwestern Nigeria. Neurol Res Int Individ. 2015;1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/486960"},{"key":"19398_CR15","first-page":"1111","volume":"60","author":"S Cohen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cohen S, Stege JA, Geurtsen GJ, Scherpbier HJ, Kuijpers TW, Reiss P, et al. Poorer cognitive performance in perinatally HIV-infected children versus healthy socioeconomically matched controls. HIV\/AIDS. 2015;60:1111\u20139.","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"19398_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.135373","volume":"36","author":"MPR Ravindran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ravindran MPR, Priya G. Cognitive deficits in HIV infected children. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018;36(3):255\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"19398_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000195638.80578.e0","volume":"25","author":"N Mcgrath","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mcgrath N, Bellinger DC, Robins JM, Msamanga G, Sciences A. The timing of Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the neurodevelopment of children in Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(1):47\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"19398_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luminita Ene, Donald R, Franklin BR et al. Neurocognitive functioning in a Romanian cohort of young adults with parenterally-acquired HIV-infection during childhood. J Neurovirol. 2014. 2015;20(5):496\u2013504.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0275-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"19398_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21437","volume":"20","author":"MH Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim MH, Mazenga AC, Yu X, Ahmed S, Paul ME, Kazembe PN, et al. High self-reported non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy amongst adolescents living with HIV in Malawi: barriers and associated factors. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"19398_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedaldi EM, Minniti NL, Fischer T. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: the relationship of hiv infection with physical and social comorbidities. 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/641913"},{"key":"19398_CR21","unstructured":"Democratic Republic of Congo. MICS-Palu 2018."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19398-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19398-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19398-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T13:21:28Z","timestamp":1722259288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19398-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19398-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The parent and\/or legal guardian were informed of the study objectives and design and provided signed informed consent for the children\u2019s participation. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health of the University of Kinshasa\/DRC (ESP\/CE\/032\/2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2033"}}