{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:26:17Z","timestamp":1776745577696,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Infection is the most common complication of pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome. The factors associated with infection in nephrotic syndrome are lacking. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence and associated factors among children with nephrotic syndrome aged 2 to 18 years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study. The data collector installed an Epi5 collector electronic data-collecting tool from Google Play. Then, we exported the data to Stata version 15.1 for analysis. The mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage were used for descriptive statistics. The logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, the prevalence of infection among nephrotic syndrome children is 39.8% (95%CI: 30.7, 49.7). The types of infection identified were pneumonia, urinary tract infection, diarrheal disease, cutaneous fungal infection, intestinal parasitic infection, and sepsis. The presence of hematuria increased the odds of infection by 5-times. On the other hand, low level of serum albumin increased the odds of infection by 7%. Being a rural resident increased the odds of infection by 3.3-times as compared to urban.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum albumin level, presence of hematuria, and rural residence were significantly associated with infection. We recommended a longitudinal incidence study on large sample size at multicenter to strengthen this finding.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19408-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T16:02:01Z","timestamp":1720627321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of infection in children with nephrotic syndrome aged 2-18 years in the northwest and east Amhara region, Ethiopia: a multi-center cross-sectional retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birhanu Abie","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tilahun Dessie","family":"Alene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yalemwork Anteneh","family":"Yimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayenew Molla","family":"Lakew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geta Bayu","family":"Genet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"19408_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021","volume":"100","author":"BH Rovin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rovin BH, Adler SG, Barratt J, Bridoux F, Burdge KA, Chan TM, et al. KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int. 2021;100(4):S1\u2013276.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"19408_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nandlal L, Naicker T, Bhimma R. Nephrotic Syndrome in South African Children: Changing Perspectives in the New Millennium. Kidney Int Reports [Internet]. 2019;4(4):522\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.01.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.01.019"},{"issue":"8","key":"19408_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-012-0776-y","volume":"79","author":"A Sinha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinha A, Bagga A. Nephrotic syndrome. Indian J Pediatr. 2015;79(8):1045\u201355.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"19408_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S351053","volume":"15","author":"D Hilmanto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hilmanto D, Mawardi F, Lestari AS, Widiasta A. Disease-Associated systemic complications in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2022;15:53\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"19408_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.284039","volume":"31","author":"AS Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali AS, Allana R, Jandani R. Remarks about the study on infection-associated relapses in children with nephrotic syndrome: a short-term outcome study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2020;31(2):561\u20132.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"2","key":"19408_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.26689\/par.v7i2.4838","volume":"7","author":"X Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng X, Gou Y, Li J, Chen H, Gong Y, Guo S. Risk factors of infection in nephrotic syndrome. Proc Anticancer Res. 2023;7(2):39\u201344.","journal-title":"Proc Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"19408_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517715339","volume":"45","author":"J Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li J, Zhang Q, Su B. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe infections in hospitalized adult patients with primary nephrotic syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2017;45(6):2139\u201345.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"July","key":"19408_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang H, Qiu S, Zhong C, Shi L, Li J, Zhang T, et al. Risk factors for poor prognosis of severe infection in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a Double-Center, Retrospective Study. Front Pediatr. 2021;9(July):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"19408_CR9","first-page":"5","volume":"15","author":"WS Sheikh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sheikh WS, Jan M, Ashraf M, Hamid A. The clinical spectrum and occurrence of Major infections in Hospitalized Children with Nephrotic Syndrome. Cureus. 2023;15(7):5\u20139.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"7","key":"19408_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922820908583","volume":"59","author":"A Lebel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lebel A, Kropach N, Ashkenazi-Hoffnung L, Huber-Yaron A, Davidovits M. Infections in children with nephrotic syndrome: twenty years of experience. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2020;59(7):692\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"8","key":"19408_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.36347\/sjams.2022.v10i08.025","volume":"10","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman MA, Afroza S, Kabir ARML, Banu NA, Mahamuduzzaman ASM, Ahmed S, et al. Pattern of infection among children with nephrotic syndrome in a Tertiary Level Hospital. Sch J Appl Med Sci. 2022;10(8):1304\u201311.","journal-title":"Sch J Appl Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"19408_CR12","first-page":"112","volume":"4","author":"K Mahvish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahvish K, Rizwan Akhtar M, Singh BK, Jha G. Major infections in children suffering from nephrotic syndrome-experience of a tertiary care centre. Mahvish Al Int J Heal Clin Res [Internet]. 2021;4(5):112\u20136. Available from: www.ijhcr.com.","journal-title":"Mahvish Al Int J Heal Clin Res [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"19408_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3291.ijcp20170450","volume":"4","author":"C Krishnan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishnan C, Rajesh TV, Shashidhara HJ, Jayakrishnan MP, Geeta MG. Major infections in children with nephrotic syndrome. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2017;4(2):346\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"19408_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0001","volume":"41","author":"M Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar M, Ghunawat J, Saikia D, Manchanda V. Incidence and risk factors for major infections in hospitalized children with nephrotic syndrome. J Bras Nefrol. 2019;41(4):526\u201333.","journal-title":"J Bras Nefrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"19408_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001747","volume":"37","author":"U Narain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narain U, Gupta A. Urinary tract infection in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018;37(2):144\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"12","key":"19408_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-468","volume":"10","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Chen G, Jing X, Liu L, Yang L. The risk factors for children with primary nephrotic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Pediatr. 2021;10(12):3184\u201393.","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"19408_CR17","first-page":"41","volume":"15","author":"Subinay Mandal1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Subinay Mandal1. Subhendu Samanta1*, Sabyasachi Bakshi2 DD 1. Urinary tract infection in nephrotic syndrome: a hospital based cross-sectional study. Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hosp. Med Coll J. 2017;15(2):41\u20134.","journal-title":"Med Coll J"},{"issue":"02","key":"19408_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.26502\/acmcr.96550021","volume":"02","author":"DY Mohammed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammed DY, Ali Selim MS, Abo Zeid AM, Neemat-Allah MAA. Rate and type of infections in children with nephrotic syndrome. Arch Clin Med Case Rep. 2018;02(02):31\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Med Case Rep"},{"key":"19408_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitotaw B, Shiferaw W. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors among the First-Cycle Primary Schoolchildren in Sasiga District, Southwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res. 2020;2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8681247"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19408-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19408-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19408-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T16:02:14Z","timestamp":1720627334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19408-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19408-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Wollo University with reference number CMHS 1141\/2021. Then, written informed consent was obtained from parents or legally guardians, for children less than 16 years old and children older than 16 years, consent was taken from themselves via phone call. To maintain anonymity, personal identifiers were not included in the data. Data confidentiality was kept by securing the overall collected data with password. We conducted the research in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki Medical Research Ethics Code of Conduct.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent for participants"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1845"}}