{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:54:42Z","timestamp":1787655282691,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RNLI \u201cFloat to Live\u201d campaign is based on research conducted in indoor pools with experienced open water swimmers. Study 1 investigated whether the RNLI \u201cFloat to Live\u201d guidance would enable less experienced individuals to float in realistic open water conditions. Study 2 examined the separate effects of practice and coaching on floating competence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Study 1: Inexperienced water users conducted floats in either still, open fresh (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200922) or open sea water (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913), followed by moving sea (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096) or fresh water (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095). Participants undertook three 2-min floats in still water wearing swimwear and one clothed float: 1) na\u00efve; 2) following RNLI \u201cFloat to live\u201d messaging; 3) individual float coaching; 4) simulated fall wearing summer clothing. In moving sea water, participants undertook two floats equivalent to Floats 3 and 4. In moving fresh water, participants undertook 3 floats: 1) na\u00efve; 2) following \u201cdefensive floating\u201d coaching; 3) simulated fall wearing summer clothing. Study 2: Two groups matched for skinfold thickness undertook three 2-min floats in a flume wearing swimwear. PRAC group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912): 1) na\u00efve; 2) following float practice; 3) float coaching; COACH group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911) coaching followed by practice. Floating difficulty, confidence, competence, \u201cefficiency\u201d and perceived exertion were analysed using either a Friedman test or mixed model ANOVA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both fresh water and sea water, participants\u2019 floating competence and confidence increased after viewing the RNLI messaging, it was further improved with individualised float coaching. The additional helpful instructions included: 1) \u201chead back with ears submerged\u201d; 2) \u201crelax\u201d; 3) \u201cbreathe normally\u201d; 4) \u201cit is OK if your legs sink\u201d; 5) an accurate description of sculling for \u201cactive\u201d floaters that needed it; 6) spread arms and legs for stability. The simulated fall with clothing did not impair floating competence. No difference in floating competence was seen between PRAC and COACH, though confidence may be increased sooner in COACH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RNLI float advice can be applied in realistic open water settings by less experienced water users. Additional content could be included to make the messaging even more effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19409-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T06:03:44Z","timestamp":1722233024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inexperienced water users can \u201cFloat to Live\u201d in realistic open water conditions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Clare","family":"Eglin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Massey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"19409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(80)90011-6","volume":"8","author":"R Allen","year":"1980","unstructured":"Allen R, Reber AS. 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