{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:20:53Z","timestamp":1793395253767,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental health in the elderly has multiple determinants, and studies indicate household and family composition, economic status, and family support are key factors. However, these are difficult to modify, and better lifestyle for the elderly can be a possible intervention. The current study examined the mediating role of lifestyle in the association between these three types of the household and family composition (living alone, living with a spouse, and living with children) and mental health in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied 5,407 participants (58.7% female, age 45\u2009+\u2009years) from the Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative Project. All participants underwent a battery of examinations to measure degree loneliness, depression, and global cognitive function. We also surveyed personal lifestyles. We used a mediation analysis to determine the relative contribution of each lifestyle factor on mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older adults living alone rarely participated in mental and social activities and often had irregular diets; those adults living with children spent most of their time caring for grandchildren and had irregular eating and sleeping schedules; those living with a spouse often engaged in a variety of leisure activities and had the best life habits. Mediation analyses showed that dietary and sleeping irregularity partially mediated the negative effects of living alone on mental health, and were moderated by age and gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Living with a spouse was associated with benefits for the mental health of middle-aged and older adults (especially older and female individuals), through modifying better lifestyles than those of individuals with the other two types of the household and family composition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19516-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T22:01:48Z","timestamp":1722376908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The association between household and family composition and mental health of the elderly: mediating role of lifestyle"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mingxi","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4418-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaojing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuansheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6714-3263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"19516_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12326","volume":"67","author":"X Mao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mao X, Han WJ. Living arrangements and older adults\u2019 psychological well-being and life satisfaction in China: Does social support matter? Fam Relat. 2018;67(4):567\u201384.","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"issue":"5","key":"19516_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/hcs2.64","volume":"2","author":"L Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao L. China\u2019s aging population: A review of living arrangement, intergenerational support, and wellbeing. Health Care Science. 2023;2(5):317\u201327.","journal-title":"Health Care Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0904-2","volume":"50","author":"Hoon Dong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dong Hoon. Oh, Joon, Hyuk, Park, Hye, Young, Lee, Shin: Association between living arrangements and depressive symptoms among older women and men in South Korea. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50(1):133\u201341.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0936-5","volume":"16","author":"C Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang C, Zhu R, Lu J, Xue Y, Hou L, Li M, Zheng X, Yang T, Zheng J. Health promoting lifestyles and influencing factors among empty nesters and non-empty nesters in Taiyuan, China: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"7","key":"19516_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gbae082","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae082","volume":"79","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim J, Hwang S. Separating the Effects of Transitions Into and Out of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Cognitive Function in Later Life. J Gerontol: Series B. 2024;79(7):gbae082.","journal-title":"J Gerontol."},{"issue":"2","key":"19516_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215686932412324","DOI":"10.1177\/21568693241232410","volume":"14","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim J, Park G-R. Cumulative Exposure to Social Isolation and Longitudinal Changes in Life Satisfaction among Older Adults. Society and Mental Health. 2024;14(2):21568693241232410.","journal-title":"Society and Mental Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"19516_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2023.2202616","volume":"27","author":"Kim J, jinho_kim@korea.ac.kr, Information VFA, Park GR, Information VFA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim J, jinho_kim@korea.ac.kr, Information VFA, Park GR, Information VFA. Prolonged social isolation and cognitive function in older adults: lack of informal social contact versus formal social activity as the source of social isolation. Aging Ment Health. 2023;27(12):2438\u201345.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"19516_CR8","first-page":"315","volume":"28","author":"K Honjo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Honjo K, Tani Y, Saito M, Sasaki Y, Kondo K, Kawachi I, Kondo N. Living alone or with others and depressive symptoms, and effect modification by residential social cohesion among older adults in Japan: the JAGES longitudinal study. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health. 2018;28(7):315\u201322.","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology Community Health"},{"key":"19516_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0904-2","volume":"50","author":"DH Oh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oh DH, Park JH, Lee HY, Kim SA, Choi BY, Nam JH. Association between living arrangements and depressive symptoms among older women and men in South Korea. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50:133\u201341.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"19516_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.2.123","volume":"153","author":"YL Michael","year":"2001","unstructured":"Michael YL, Berkman LF, Colditz GA, Kawachi I. Living arrangements, social integration, and change in functional health status. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(2):123\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"19516_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X07303895","volume":"28","author":"GC Wenger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wenger GC, Dykstra PA, Melkas T, Knipscheer KC. Social embeddedness and late-life parenthood: Community activity, close ties, and support networks. J Fam Issues. 2007;28(11):1419\u201356.","journal-title":"J Fam Issues"},{"issue":"6","key":"19516_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860600641150","volume":"10","author":"K-L Chou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chou K-L, Ho A, Chi I. Living alone and depression in Chinese older adults. Aging Mental Health. 2006;10(6):583\u201391.","journal-title":"Aging Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbn002","volume":"64","author":"D Russell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Russell D, Taylor J. Living Alone and Depressive Symptoms: The Influence of Gender, Physical Disability, and Social Support Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009;64(1):95\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"19516_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2016.1191060","volume":"21","author":"ST Stahl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stahl ST, Beach SR, Musa D, Schulz R. Living alone and depression: the modifying role of the perceived neighborhood environment. Aging Ment Health. 2017;21(10):1065\u201371.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"19516_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.02.021","volume":"20","author":"R Sakurai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakurai R, Kawai H, Suzuki H, Kim H, Watanabe Y, Hirano H, Ihara K, Obuchi S, Fujiwara Y. Poor social network, not living alone, is associated with incidence of adverse health outcomes in older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(11):1438\u201343.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"19516_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041316","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Song J, Brytek-Matera A, Zhang H, He J. The relationships between sleep and mental and physical health of Chinese elderly: exploring the mediating roles of diet and physical activity. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1316.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"19516_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.29359\/BJHPA.12.2.08","volume":"12","author":"E Grzywacz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grzywacz E, Jaron A. Well-being and mental health\u2212 diet, supplements, exercise or sleep? A review of reports from the last five years. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 2020;12(2):8.","journal-title":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity"},{"key":"19516_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.967170","volume":"10","author":"Y Qin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin Y, Liu J, Wang R, Qi X, Jiang S, Li J, Guo P, Wu Q. Can leisure and entertainment lifestyle promote health among older people living alone in China?\u2014A simultaneous equation approach. Front Public Health. 2022;10: 967170.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"19516_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0778-8","volume":"49","author":"H Kikuchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kikuchi H, Takamiya T, Odagiri Y, Ohya Y, Nakaya T, Shimomitsu T, Inoue S. Gender differences in association between psychological distress and detailed living arrangements among Japanese older adults, aged 65\u201374 years. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(5):823\u201330.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"19516_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.040741","volume":"60","author":"K Joutsenniemi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Joutsenniemi K, Martelin T, Martikainen P, Pirkola S, Koskinen S. Living arrangements and mental health in Finland. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health. 2006;60(6):468\u201375.","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7350-8","volume":"19","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhu P, Wang X, Huang Y. Association of living arrangements with depressive symptoms among older adults in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1017.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"19516_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14050463","volume":"14","author":"M Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao M, Li Y, Zhang S, Gu L, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang W, Tian D. Does an empty nest affect elders\u2019 health? Empirical evidence from China. International journal of environmental research public health. 2017;14(5):463.","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research public health"},{"issue":"004","key":"19516_CR23","first-page":"77","volume":"024","author":"L Yi-wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yi-wei L. Does the Lifestyle Affect the Health of the Elderly?r\u2014\u2014Evidence from Older People in China. Popul Dev. 2018;024(004):77-86,96.","journal-title":"Popul Dev"},{"issue":"10","key":"19516_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12326","volume":"17","author":"C Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang C, Li X, Zhang J, Chen Y, Li H, Wei D, Lu P, Liang Y, Liu Z, Shu N. Early prevention of cognitive impairment in the community population: The Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 2021;17(10):1610\u20138.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"issue":"7","key":"19516_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1360\/N052018-00106","volume":"48","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen Y, Xu K, Yang C, Li X, Li H, Zhang J, Wei D, Xia J, Tao W. LU P: Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative: aging with grace. SCIENTIA SINICA Vitae. 2018;48(7):721\u201334.","journal-title":"SCIENTIA SINICA Vitae"},{"issue":"4","key":"19516_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270412","volume":"27","author":"M Zhang","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zhang M, Katzman R, Salmon D, Jin H, Cai G, Wang Z, Qu G, Grant I, Yu E, Levy P. The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society. 1990;27(4):428\u201337.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society"},{"key":"19516_CR27","first-page":"15","volume":"17","author":"XU Rui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rui XU, Peng J, Xia-Qiu WU. Development of Eating Habits Inventory and Study on Its Reliability and Validity. Chin J Inform Trad Chin Med. 2010;17:15\u20136.","journal-title":"Chin J Inform Trad Chin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"19516_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12552","volume":"61","author":"X Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li X, Ma C, Zhang J, Liang Y, Chen Y, Chen K, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Initiative BABR. Prevalence of and potential risk factors for mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling residents of Beijing. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(12):2111\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"14","key":"19516_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102088","volume":"11","author":"Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Y, Lv C, Li X, Zhang J, Chen K, Liu Z, Li H, Fan J, Qin T, Luo L. The positive impacts of early-life education on cognition, leisure activity, and brain structure in healthy aging. Aging. 2019;11(14):4923.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"19516_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.39.3.472","volume":"39","author":"D Russell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of personality social psychology. 1980;39(3):472.","journal-title":"Journal of personality social psychology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"19516_CR31","first-page":"165","volume":"5","author":"JI Sheikh","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist: J Aging Ment Health. 1986;5(1\u20132):165\u201373.","journal-title":"Clinical Gerontologist: J Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"19516_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. \u201cMini-mental state\u201d: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189\u201398.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"19516_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422","volume":"7","author":"PE Shrout","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shrout PE, Bolger N. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychol Methods. 2002;7(4):422.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"19516_CR34","volume-title":"PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hayes AF. PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. In.: University of Kansas, KS; 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"19516_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/21620555.2015.1032162","volume":"47","author":"Q Ren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ren Q, Treiman DJ. Living arrangements of the elderly in China and consequences for their emotional well-being. Chinese Sociological Review. 2015;47(3):255\u201386.","journal-title":"Chinese Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7350-8","volume":"19","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhu P, Wang X, Huang Y. Association of living arrangements with depressive symptoms among older adults in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"19516_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2574","volume":"26","author":"A Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan A, Malhotra C, Malhotra R, \u00d8stbye T. Living arrangements, social networks and depressive symptoms among older men and women in Singapore. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(6):630\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"19516_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016091","volume":"7","author":"G Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang G, Hu M. Xiao S-y, Zhou L: Loneliness and depression among rural empty-nest elderly adults in Liuyang, China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(10).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"19516_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S256","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.5.S256","volume":"61","author":"M Silverstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silverstein M, Cong Z, Li S. Intergenerational transfers and living arrangements of older people in rural China: Consequences for psychological well-being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61(5):S256\u201366.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"19516_CR40","first-page":"24","volume":"5","author":"C Zhou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhou C, Chu J, Liu D, Zheng W, Guo X, Xu L. Comparison of health need and utilization between empty-nest and non-empty-nest aging population in urban communities: A sample survey based on Jinan City. Chinese Journal of Health Policy. 2012;5(2):24\u20139.","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Health Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"19516_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1159\/000351265","volume":"59","author":"AJ Gow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gow AJ, Corley J, Starr JM, Deary IJ. Which social network or support factors are associated with cognitive abilities in old age? Gerontology. 2013;59(5):454\u201363.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"19516_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43816","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43816","volume":"7","author":"D Duan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duan D, Dong Y, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Diao Y, Cui Y, Wang J, Chai Q, Liu Z. Empty-nest-related psychological distress is associated with progression of brain white matter lesions and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43816.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"19516_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.04.006","volume":"22","author":"JS Kuiper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuiper JS, Zuidersma M, Voshaar RCO, Zuidema SU, van den Heuvel ER, Stolk RP, Smidt N. Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;22:39\u201357.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"19516_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)01872-1","volume":"90","author":"M Davis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Davis M, Murphy S, Neuhaus J, Lein D. Living arrangements and dietary quality of older US adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 1990;90(12):1667\u201372.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"19516_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.5.601","volume":"33","author":"D Gu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gu D, Sautter J, Pipkin R, Zeng Y. Sociodemographic and health correlates of sleep quality and duration among very old Chinese. Sleep. 2010;33(5):601\u201310.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"19516_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/40.4.434","volume":"40","author":"MA Davis","year":"1985","unstructured":"Davis MA, Randall E, Forthofer RN, Lee ES, Margen S. Living arrangements and dietary patterns of older adults in the United States. J Gerontol. 1985;40(4):434\u201342.","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1997.0110","volume":"30","author":"AJ Donkin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Donkin AJ, Johnson AE, Lilley JM, Morgan K, Neale RJ, Page RM, Silburn RL. Gender and living alone as determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among the elderly living at home in urban Nottingham. Appetite. 1998;30(1):39\u201351.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"537","key":"19516_CR48","first-page":"271","volume":"57","author":"K Kharicha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kharicha K, Iliffe S, Harari D, Swift C, Gillmann G, Stuck AE. Health risk appraisal in older people 1: are older people living alone an \u2018at-risk\u2019group? Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57(537):271\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"19516_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1300\/J083v33n04_05","volume":"33","author":"K-L Chou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chou K-L, Chi I. Comparison between elderly Chinese living alone and those living with others. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2000;33(4):51\u201366.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Soc Work"},{"key":"19516_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.05.010","volume":"208","author":"JM Finlay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finlay JM, Kobayashi LC. Social isolation and loneliness in later life: A parallel convergent mixed-methods case study of older adults and their residential contexts in the Minneapolis metropolitan area, USA. Social Science Medicine. 2018;208:25\u201333.","journal-title":"Social Science Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-313","volume":"13","author":"N Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu N, Zeng L, Li Z, Wang J. Health-related quality of life and long-term care needs among elderly individuals living alone: a cross-sectional study in rural areas of Shaanxi Province, China. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):313.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"19516_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1108\/AEDS-12-2015-0073","volume":"6","author":"J Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu J, Zhang Y. Patterns of living arrangements of the elderly in mainland China: changes, consequences and policy implications. Asian Education and Development Studies. 2017;6(2):179\u201391.","journal-title":"Asian Education and Development Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"19516_CR53","first-page":"492","volume":"24","author":"S Jie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jie S, Shi Z, Wang Y. Study on the ability for self-care and its related factors in the elder of \u201cempty nest.\u201d J Nurses Train. 2009;24(6):492\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nurses Train."},{"issue":"2","key":"19516_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/2095103","volume":"48","author":"PA Thoits","year":"1983","unstructured":"Thoits PA. Multiple identities and psychological well-being: A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. Am Sociol Rev. 1983;48(2):174\u201387.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"19516_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/073346480001900403","volume":"19","author":"B Sidenvall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sidenvall B, Nydahl M, Fjellstrom C. The Meal as a Gift\u2014The Meaning of Cooking Among Retired Women. J Appl Gerontol. 2000;19(4):405\u201323.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"19516_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/073346489701600202","volume":"16","author":"SA Quandt","year":"1997","unstructured":"Quandt SA, Vitolins MZ, DeWalt KM, Roos GM. Meal patterns of older adults in rural communities: life course analysis and implications for undernutrition. J Appl Gerontol. 1997;16(2):152\u201371.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"19516_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S223","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/48.4.S223","volume":"48","author":"CA Rosenbloom","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosenbloom CA, Whittington FJ. The effects of bereavement on eating behaviors and nutrient intakes in elderly widowed persons. J Gerontol. 1993;48(4):S223\u20139.","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6601_2","volume":"66","author":"DW Russell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Russell DW. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess. 1996;66(1):20\u201340.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"19516_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","volume":"17","author":"JA Yesavage","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer VO. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982;17(1):37\u201349.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19516-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19516-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19516-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:08:37Z","timestamp":1722384517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19516-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19516-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee and Institutional Review Board of Beijing Normal University\u2019s Imaging Centre for Brain Research (ICBIR_A_0041_002_02) approved this study, and all participants or their legal representatives gave their written informed consent. The study conformed to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2055"}}