{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:32:15Z","timestamp":1787020335221,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019219","name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019219","name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019219","name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019219","name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019219","name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Parental domestic violence and abuse (DVA), mental ill-health (MH), and substance misuse (SU) can have a negative impact on both parents and children. However, it remains unclear if and how parental DVA, MH, and SU cluster and the impacts this clustering might have. We examined\n                      <jats:italic>how<\/jats:italic>\n                      parental DVA, MH, and SU cluster during early childhood, the demographic\/contextual profiles of these clusters, and how these clusters relate to child MH trajectories.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined data from 15,377 families in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. We used: (1) latent class analysis to create groups differentially exposed to parental DVA, MH, and SU at age three; (2) latent growth curve modelling to create latent trajectories of child MH from ages 3\u201317; and (3) a case-weight approach to relate latent classes to child MH trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified three latent classes:\n                      <jats:italic>high-frequency alcohol use<\/jats:italic>\n                      (11.9%),\n                      <jats:italic>elevated adversity<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3.5%), and\n                      <jats:italic>low-level adversity<\/jats:italic>\n                      (84.6%). Children in the\n                      <jats:italic>elevated adversity<\/jats:italic>\n                      class had higher probabilities of being from low-socioeconomic backgrounds and having White, younger parents. Children exposed to\n                      <jats:italic>elevated adversity<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed worse MH at age three (intercept\u2009=\u20092.274;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared the\n                      <jats:italic>low-level adversity<\/jats:italic>\n                      (intercept\u2009=\u20092.228;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and\n                      <jats:italic>high-frequency alcohol use<\/jats:italic>\n                      class (intercept\u2009=\u20092.068;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, latent growth factors (linear and quadratic terms) of child MH did not differ by latent class.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental DVA, MH, and SU cluster during early childhood and this has a negative impact on children\u2019s MH at age three, leading to similar levels of poor MH across time. Intervening early to prevent the initial deterioration, using a syndemic-approach is essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19694-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T05:02:30Z","timestamp":1724648550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Parental domestic violence and abuse, mental ill-health, and substance misuse and the impact on child mental health: a secondary data analysis using the UK Millennium Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0870-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9823-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. J.","family":"Melendez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5295-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamsin","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6253-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Bonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6438-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vashti","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"19694_CR1","volume-title":"Mental health statistics (England)","author":"House of Commons Library","year":"2021","unstructured":"House of Commons Library. Mental health statistics (England). London: House of Commons Library; 2021."},{"key":"19694_CR2","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Domestic abuse prevalence and victim characteristics. London: Office for National Statistics. 2022. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/datasets\/domesticabuseprevalenceandvictimcharacteristicsappendixtables"},{"key":"19694_CR3","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Drug misuse in England and Wales: year ending June 2022. London: Office for National Statistics. 2022. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/drugmisuseinenglandandwales\/yearendingjune2022"},{"key":"19694_CR4","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2021. Austria: United Nations Publication. 2021. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/wdr2021.html"},{"key":"19694_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World mental health report: transforming mental health for all. Geneva, Switzerland. 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240049338"},{"key":"19694_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Violence against women prevalence estimates. 2018. Geneva, Switzerland; 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240022256"},{"key":"19694_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva, Switzerland. 2018. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565639"},{"key":"19694_CR8","volume-title":"Estimating the prevalence of the \u2018toxic trio\u2019: evidence from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey","author":"H Chowdry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chowdry H. Estimating the prevalence of the \u2018toxic trio\u2019: evidence from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. London: Children\u2019s Commissioner; 2018."},{"key":"19694_CR9","unstructured":"NSPCC. Statistics briefing: the impact of coronavirus. 2022."},{"key":"19694_CR10","volume-title":"Children\u2019s needs - parenting capacity: child abuse, parental mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse, and domestic violence","author":"H Cleaver","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cleaver H, Unell I, Aldgate J. Children\u2019s needs - parenting capacity: child abuse, parental mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse, and domestic violence. London: The Stationery Office; 2011."},{"key":"19694_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.01.017","volume":"43","author":"ML Kelley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelley ML, Lawrence HR, Milletich RJ, Hollis BF, Henson JM. Modeling risk for child abuse and harsh parenting in families with depressed and substance-abusing parents. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;43:42\u201352.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"2","key":"19694_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.21.2.199","volume":"21","author":"CM Rodriguez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rodriguez CM. Emotional functioning, attachment style, and attributions as predictors of child abuse potential in domestic violence victims. Violence Vict. 2006;21(2):199\u2013212.","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"issue":"8","key":"19694_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","volume":"2","author":"K Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(8):e356\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"19694_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019995","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019995","volume":"8","author":"LJ Bacchus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bacchus LJ, Ranganathan M, Watts C, Devries KM. Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e019995.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"19694_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001439","volume":"10","author":"KM Devries","year":"2013","unstructured":"Devries KM, Mak JY, Bacchus LJ, Child JC, Falder G, Petzold M, et al. Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001439.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"19694_CR16","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Comorbidity of substance use and mental disorders in Europe. EMCDDA. 2015. https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/insights\/comorbidity-substance-use-mental-disorders-europe_en"},{"key":"19694_CR17","unstructured":"HM Government. 2017 drug strategy. London: HM Government. 2017. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/drug-strategy-2017"},{"key":"19694_CR18","unstructured":"HM Government. Transforming the response to domestic abuse: consultation response and draft bill. London: HM Government. 2019. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/772202\/CCS1218158068-Web_Accessible.pdf"},{"key":"19694_CR19","unstructured":"Safe Lives. Safe and well: mental health and domestic abuse. 2019. https:\/\/safelives.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/Spotlight%207%20-%20Mental%20health%20and%20domestic%20abuse.pdf"},{"key":"19694_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24815","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.24815","volume":"7","author":"R Mason","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mason R, O\u2019Rinn SE. Co-occurring intimate partner violence, mental health, and substance use problems: a scoping review. Glob Health Action. 2014;7:24815.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"7","key":"19694_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0270894","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270894","volume":"17","author":"K Allen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Allen K, Melendez-Torres GJ, Ford T, Bonell C, Finning K, Fredlund M, et al. Family focused interventions that address parental domestic violence and abuse, mental ill-health, and substance misuse in combination: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(7):e0270894.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"19694_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13135","volume":"61","author":"RE Lacey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lacey RE, Minnis H. Practitioner review: twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores \u2013 advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61(2):116\u201330.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"19694_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-017-2365-1","volume":"22","author":"P Lanier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lanier P, Maguire-Jack K, Lombardi B, Frey J, Rose RA. Adverse childhood experiences and child health outcomes: comparing cumulative risk and latent class approaches. Matern Child Health J. 2018;22(3):288\u201397.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"19694_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104890","volume":"112","author":"L Bevilacqua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bevilacqua L, Kelly Y, Heilmann A, Priest N, Lacey RE. Adverse childhood experiences and trajectories of internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors from childhood to adolescence. Child Abuse Negl. 2021;112:104890.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"19694_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104185","volume":"98","author":"C Bussemakers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bussemakers C, Kraaykamp G, Tolsma J. Co-occurrence of adverse childhood experiences and its association with family characteristics. A latent class analysis with Dutch population data. Child Abuse Negl. 2019;98:104185.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"19694_CR26","first-page":"2218","volume":"37","author":"RE Lacey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lacey RE, Howe LD, Kelly-Irving M, Bartley M, Kelly Y. The clustering of adverse childhood experiences in the avon longitudinal study of parents and children: are gender and poverty important? J Interpers Violence. 2020;37(5\u20136):2218\u201341.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"19694_CR27","first-page":"NP9015","volume":"36","author":"E Fuller-Thomson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuller-Thomson E, Sawyer J-L, Agbeyaka S. The toxic triad: childhood exposure to parental domestic violence, parental addictions, and parental mental illness as factors associated with childhood physical abuse. J Interpers Violence. 2019;36(17\u201318):NP9015\u201334.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"19694_CR28","unstructured":"Hood R, Goldacre A, Gorin S, Bywaters P, Webb C. Identifying and understanding the link between system conditions and welfare inequalities in children\u2019s social care services. London: University of Kingston and St. George\u2019s; 2020. https:\/\/www.healthcare.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/System-conditions-and-inequalities_Full-report_Final_March-2020.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"19694_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.5.551","volume":"63","author":"RC Whitaker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whitaker RC, Orzol SM, Kahn RS. Maternal mental health, substance use, and domestic violence in the year after delivery and subsequent behavior problems in children at age 3 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(5):551\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"19694_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner GCM, Bywaters PWB, Bilson A, Duschinsky R, Clements K, Hutchinson D. The \u2018toxic trio\u2019 (domestic violence, substance misuse and mental ill-health): how good is the evidence base? Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020:105678.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105678"},{"key":"19694_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100279","volume":"13","author":"NK Adjei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adjei NK, Schl\u00fcter DK, Straatmann VS, Melis G, Fleming K, McGovern R, et al. Impact of poverty and family adversity on adolescent health: a multi-trajectory analysis using the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Lancet Reg Health - Europe. 2021;13:100279.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health - Europe"},{"issue":"6","key":"19694_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcaa126","volume":"51","author":"J Devaney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devaney J, Frederick J, Spratt T. Opening the time capsule of ACEs: reflections on how we conceptualise children\u2019s experiences of adversity and the issue of temporality. Br J Social Work. 2020;51(6):2247\u201363.","journal-title":"Br J Social Work"},{"key":"19694_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105056","volume":"114","author":"JS Merrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merrick JS, Narayan AJ, Atzl VM, Harris WW, Lieberman AF. Type versus timing of adverse and benevolent childhood experiences for pregnant women\u2019s psychological and reproductive health. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;114:105056.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"19694_CR34","unstructured":"The Academy of Medical Sciences. Prioritising early childhood to promote the nation\u2019s health, wellbeing and prosperity. 2024. https:\/\/acmedsci.ac.uk\/file-download\/96280233"},{"key":"19694_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.06.001","volume":"24","author":"BM Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa BM, Kaestle CE, Walker A, Curtis A, Day A, Toumbourou JW, Miller P. Longitudinal predictors of domestic violence perpetration and victimization: a systematic review. Agression Violent Behav. 2015;24:261\u201372.","journal-title":"Agression Violent Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"19694_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231","volume":"3","author":"DM Capaldi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Capaldi DM, Knoble NB, Shortt JW, Kim HK. A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partn Abuse. 2012;3(2):231\u201380.","journal-title":"Partn Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"19694_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.928270","volume":"26","author":"J Allen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen J, Balfour R, Bell R, Marmot M. Social determinants of mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26(4):392\u2013407.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"19694_CR38","unstructured":"VicHealth. Evidence check: mental wellbeing risk & protective factors. Sax Institute; 2020."},{"issue":"7","key":"19694_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.02.014","volume":"37","author":"AL Stone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stone AL, Becker LG, Huber AM, Catalano RF. Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. Addict Behaviours. 2012;37(7):747\u201375.","journal-title":"Addict Behaviours"},{"issue":"3","key":"19694_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12371","volume":"56","author":"EJ Costello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costello EJ, Maughan B. Annual research review: optimal outcomes of child and adolescent mental illness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(3):324\u201341.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"19694_CR41","unstructured":"Plewis I. The millennium cohort study: technical report on sampling. London: UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies; 2007."},{"key":"19694_CR42","volume-title":"Millennium cohort study age 17 sweep (MCS7): user guide","author":"E Fitzsimons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fitzsimons E, Haselden L, Smith K, Gilbert E, Calderwood L, Agalioti-Sgompou V, et al. Millennium cohort study age 17 sweep (MCS7): user guide. London: UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies; 2020."},{"key":"19694_CR43","volume-title":"Millennium Cohort Study Sixth Survey 2015\u20132016: user","author":"E Fitzsimons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fitzsimons E. Millennium Cohort Study Sixth Survey 2015\u20132016: user. guide London: UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies; 2020."},{"key":"19694_CR44","volume-title":"Millennium cohort study sweeps 1\u20135: derived variables user guide","author":"R Rosenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenberg R, Atkinson M, Abdullahi A, Agalioti-Sgompou V. Millennium cohort study sweeps 1\u20135: derived variables user guide. London: UCL Centre for Longitudinal Studies; 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"19694_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):581\u20136.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"19694_CR46","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus user\u2019s guide: eighth edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 1998\u20132017."},{"issue":"4","key":"19694_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","volume":"30","author":"IR White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White IR, Royston P, Wood AM. Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med. 2011;30(4):377\u201399.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"19694_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.01.007","volume":"55","author":"GJ Melendez-Torres","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melendez-Torres GJ, Bourne A, Reid D, Hickson F, Bonell C, Weatherburn P. Typology of drug use in United Kingdom men who have sex with men and associations with socio-sexual characteristics. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;55:159\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"19694_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","volume":"14","author":"KL Nylund","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nylund KL, Asparouhov T, Muth\u00e9n BO. Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a monte carlo simulation study. Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J. 2007;14(4):535\u201369.","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J"},{"key":"19694_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asparouhov T, Muth\u00e9n BO. Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: 3-step approaches using Mplus. Mplus web notes: No 15: Mplus; 2014.","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181"},{"key":"19694_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00130","volume":"9","author":"A Kamata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamata A, Kara Y, Patarapichayatham C, Lan P. Evaluation of analysis approaches for latent class analysis with auxiliary linear growth model. Front Psychol. 2018;9:130.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"19694_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51740","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051740","volume":"7","author":"K Trevillion","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trevillion K, Oram S, Feder G, Howard LM. Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e51740.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"19694_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3366\/scot.2020.0338","volume":"29","author":"MC Treanor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Treanor MC. How covid-19 crisis measures reveal the conflation between poverty and adversity. Scott Affairs. 2020;29(4):475\u201392.","journal-title":"Scott Affairs"},{"issue":"12","key":"19694_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212738","volume":"73","author":"D Walsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walsh D, McCartney G, Smith M, Armour G. Relationship between childhood socioeconomic position and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): a systematic review. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2019;73(12):1087\u201393.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"19694_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-019-00216-2","volume":"6","author":"E Courtin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Courtin E, Allchin E, Ding AJ, Layte R. The role of socioeconomic interventions in reducing exposure to adverse childhood experiences: a systematic review. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2019;6(4):423\u201341.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"10072","key":"19694_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30403-8","volume":"389","author":"AC Tsai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsai AC, Mendenhall E, Trostle JA, Kawachi I. Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health. Lancet. 2017;389(10072):978\u201382.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"19694_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.05.008","volume":"13","author":"AS Masarik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Masarik AS, Conger RD. Stress and child development: a review of the family stress model. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017;13:85\u201390.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"19694_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515588922","volume":"32","author":"J Visschers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Visschers J, Jaspaert E, Vervaeke G. Social desirability in intimate partner violence and relationship satisfaction reports: an exploratory analysis. J Interpers Violence. 2017;32(9):1401\u201320.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19694-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19694-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19694-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T17:02:51Z","timestamp":1724691771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19694-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19694-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MCS had ethics approval and all participants and\/or their legal guardians provided informed consent to take part and for their data to be used by other researchers for the purposes of secondary data analyses. Our secondary data analysis was granted ethical approval from the University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health Ethics Committee (number: 489638).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2310"}}