{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:34:00Z","timestamp":1781638440309,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tropical oils such as palm and coconut oils are renowned for their high saturated fat content and culinary versatility. However, their consumption has sparked debate regarding their health benefits and production concerns. The purpose of this review was to map existing evidence on the health benefits and challenges associated with the consumption of tropical oils.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The recommendations for conducting a scoping review by Arksey and O\u2019Malley were followed. PubMed, Dimensions AI, Central, JSTOR Google, Google Scholar, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant papers. The predetermined keywords used were Consumption\u201d AND \u201cTropical oil,\u201d as well as \u201cHealth benefits\u201d OR \u201cHealth challenges\u201d AND \u201cTropical Countries.\u201d Peer-reviewed and grey literature published in English were eligible for this review.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tropical oils, such as palm and coconut oils, provide health benefits including essential vitamins (A and E) that enhance ocular health, boost immunity, and support growth. They are also recognised for their role in managing high blood sugar, obesity, and cholesterol levels, while offering antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These oils have wound-healing abilities and are commonly used in infant nutrition and traditional cooking. Nevertheless, prolonged and repeated use of tropical oils to high temperature can degrade vitamin E, whereas excessive intake may result in overdose. Health concerns include oxidative risks, diabetes, cancer, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and acrylamide formation due to production challenges excessive consumption. Additional issues include obesity, suboptimal oil production, misconceptions, regulatory obstacles, and preferences for alternative fats.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This review suggest that tropical oils provide essential health benefits, including vitamins and antioxidant properties, but pose significant health risks and production challenges, particularly when exposed to high temperatures and through excessive intake. Guidelines on the consumption of tropical oils in the tropical regions are necessary to regulate their consumption.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19949-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T16:02:28Z","timestamp":1725984148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tropical oils consumption and health: a scoping review to inform the development of guidelines in tropical regions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hormenu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iddrisu","family":"Salifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet Elikem","family":"Paku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peace Yaa","family":"Kordowu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adams","family":"Abdul-Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Boateng","family":"Gyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immanuel","family":"Asiedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"Abdul-Ganiyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Amoadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"19949_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meijaard E, Sheil D. The Moral minefield of ethical oil palm and sustainable development. Front Forests Global Change. 2019;2(455240). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FFGC.2019.00022\/BIBTEX.","DOI":"10.3389\/FFGC.2019.00022\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"19949_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naidu L, Moorthy R. A review of key sustainability issues in Malaysian palm oil industry. Sustain (Switzerland). 2021;13(19). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su131910839.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131910839"},{"key":"19949_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOCHI.2020.09.019","volume":"178","author":"MA Absalome","year":"2020","unstructured":"Absalome MA, Massara CC, Alexandre AA, Gervais K, Chantal GGA, Ferdinand D, Rhedoor AJ, Coulibaly I, George TG, Brigitte T, Marion M, Jean-Paul C. Biochemical properties, nutritional values, health benefits and sustainability of palm oil. Biochimie. 2020;178:81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOCHI.2020.09.019.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"19949_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8853940","volume":"2020","author":"DN Perera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perera DN, Hewavitharana GG, Navaratne SB. Determination of Physicochemical and Functional properties of Coconut Oil by incorporating Bioactive compounds in selected spices. J Lipids. 2020;2020:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8853940.","journal-title":"J Lipids"},{"key":"19949_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ikegwu TM, Ezegbe CC, Odo EN, Okolo CA, Mba JC, Agu HO. Processing of Oilseeds in the Tropics: Prospects and Challenges. Oilseed Crops - Uses, Biology and Production.2023; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.106247","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.106247"},{"issue":"2","key":"19949_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.220434","volume":"97","author":"S Kadandale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kadandale S, Marten R, Smith R. The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(2):118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.18.220434.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"19949_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122901","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCLEPRO.2020.122901","volume":"274","author":"S Teng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teng S, Khong KW, Che Ha N. Palm oil and its environmental impacts: a big data analytics study. J Clean Prod. 2020;274:122901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCLEPRO.2020.122901.","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"2","key":"19949_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/JISM.JISM_34_22","volume":"10","author":"N Umate","year":"2022","unstructured":"Umate N, Kuchewar V, Parwe S. A narrative review on use of virgin coconut oil in dermatology. J Indian Syst Med. 2022;10(2):86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JISM.JISM_34_22.","journal-title":"J Indian Syst Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"19949_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6588","DOI":"10.1039\/d0fo00872a","volume":"11","author":"C\u00c9 Vogel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vogel C\u00c9, Crovesy L, Rosado EL, Soares-Mota M. Effect of coconut oil on weight loss and metabolic parameters in men with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Food Function. 2020;11(7):6588\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d0fo00872a.","journal-title":"Food Function"},{"key":"19949_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sacks FM. Coconut Oil and Heart Health: Fact or Fiction? Circulation.2020;141(10):815\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044687","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044687"},{"issue":"5","key":"19949_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051549","volume":"13","author":"C Unhapipatpong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Unhapipatpong C, Shantavasinkul PC, Kasemsup V, Siriyotha S, Warodomwichit D, Maneesuwannarat S, Vathesatogkit P, Sritara P, Thakkinstian A. Tropical oil consumption and cardiovascular disease: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta analyses. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051549.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"19949_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10870","volume":"101","author":"A Deen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deen A, Visvanathan R, Wickramarachchi D, Marikkar N, Nammi S, Jayawardana BC, Liyanage R. Chemical composition and health benefits of coconut oil: an overview. J Sci Food Agric. 2021;101(6):2182\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.10870.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"issue":"2","key":"19949_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2018.1461520","volume":"12","author":"D Khatiwada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khatiwada D, Palm\u00e9n C, Silveira S. Evaluating the palm oil demand in Indonesia: production trends, yields, and emerging issues. Biofuels. 2021;12(2):135\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17597269.2018.1461520.","journal-title":"Biofuels"},{"issue":"9","key":"19949_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2018.1536262","volume":"55","author":"HES Nesadurai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nesadurai HES. Transnational private governance as a developmental driver in Southeast Asia: the case of sustainable Palm Oil standards in Indonesia and Malaysia. J Dev Stud. 2019;55(9):1892\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220388.2018.1536262.","journal-title":"J Dev Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"19949_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey H, O\u2019Malley L. Scoping studies towards a methodological framework. Int J Social Res Methodology: Theory Pract. 2005;8(1):19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1364557032000119616.","journal-title":"Int J Social Res Methodology: Theory Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"19949_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.15254\/H.J.D.Med.7.2015.149","volume":"7","author":"AS Kappally","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kappally AS. A review of potential applications. Hygeia J D Med. 2015;7(2):34\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15254\/H.J.D.Med.7.2015.149.","journal-title":"Hygeia J D Med"},{"key":"19949_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2015.01.003","volume":"10","author":"OI Mba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mba OI, Dumont MJ, Ngadi M. Palm oil: Processing, characterization and utilization in the food industry:a review. Food Bioscience. 2015;10:26\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbio.2015.01.003.","journal-title":"Food Bioscience"},{"key":"19949_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2021.e00860","volume":"13","author":"R MacArthur","year":"2021","unstructured":"MacArthur R, Teye E, Darkwa S. Quality and safety evaluation of important parameters in palm oil from major cities in Ghana. Sci Afr. 2021;13:e00860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2021.e00860.","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"issue":"3","key":"19949_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v50i3.11","volume":"50","author":"L Boateng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boateng L, Ansong R, Owusu WB, Steiner-Asiedu M. Coconut oil and palm oil\u2019s role in nutrition, health and national development: a review. Ghana Med J. 2016;50(3):189\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/gmj.v50i3.11.","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"19949_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792770","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.792770","volume":"12","author":"M Hasanuzzaman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar PN. Selenium supplementation and crop plant tolerance to metal\/metalloid toxicity. Front Plant Sci. 2022;12:792770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.792770.","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"19949_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/PR8040402","volume":"8","author":"S Suryani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suryani S, Sariani S, Earnestly F, Marganof M, Rahmawati R, Sevindrajuta S, Indra Mahlia TM, Fudholi A. A comparative study of virgin coconut oil, coconut oil and palm oil in terms of their active ingredients. Processes. 2015;8(4):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/PR8040402.","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"19949_CR22","first-page":"127","volume":"19","author":"OB Imoisi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Imoisi OB, Ilori GE, Agho IEJ. Palm oil, its nutritional and health implications (review). J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2015;19(1):127.","journal-title":"J Appl Sci Environ Manage"},{"issue":"7","key":"19949_CR23","first-page":"67","volume":"68","author":"S Joshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joshi S, Kaushik V, Gode V, Mhaskar S. Coconut Oil and Immunity: what do we really know about it so far? J Assoc Phys India. 2020;68(7):67\u201372.","journal-title":"J Assoc Phys India"},{"issue":"2","key":"19949_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.02.032","volume":"15","author":"R Jayawardena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jayawardena R, Swarnamali H, Ranasinghe P, Misra A. Health effects of coconut oil: Summary of evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analysis of interventional studies. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Reviews. 2021;15(2):549\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.02.032.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clin Res Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"19949_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/phrev.phrev","volume":"1","author":"YL Chew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chew YL. The beneficial properties of virgin coconut oil in management of atopic dermatitis. Pharmacogn Revi. 2018;1(2):24\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/phrev.phrev.","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Revi"},{"issue":"3","key":"19949_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14968","volume":"35","author":"O Ayanlowo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ayanlowo O, Adeife OC, Ilomuanya M, Ebie C, Adegbulu A, Ezeanyache O, Odiase O, Ikebudu V, Akanbi B. African oils in dermatology. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(3):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dth.14968.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"19949_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.07.025","volume":"80","author":"A Narayanankutty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narayanankutty A, Illam SP, Raghavamenon AC. Health impacts of different edible oils prepared from coconut (Cocos nucifera): a comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2018;80:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.07.025.","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"19949_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043052","volume":"141","author":"N Neelakantan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neelakantan N, Seah JYH, Van Dam RM. The effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Circulation. 2020;141(10):803\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043052.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"19949_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmz041","volume":"66","author":"MC Konar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Konar MC, Islam K, Roy A, Ghosh T. Effect of virgin coconut oil application on the skin of preterm newborns: a randomized controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2020;66(2):129\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmz041.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"19949_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016003037","volume":"20","author":"B Shankar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shankar B, Thaiprasert N, Gheewala S, Smith R. Policies for healthy and sustainable edible oil consumption: a stakeholder analysis for Thailand. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(6):1126\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980016003037.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"19949_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.33003\/fjs-2023-0701-1263","volume":"7","author":"N Abdullahi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdullahi N, Umar NB, Tsoho AU, Sani A, Yazeed ZM, Tsangaya MA, Yahaya YA, Yusuf K, Haruna SA, Abdullahi UA, Ali A, Dahiru UM, Suleiman UA, Umar AA. Nigerian palm oil: quality disparity, contamination and processing wastes handling. FUDMA J Sci. 2023;7(1):126\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33003\/fjs-2023-0701-1263.","journal-title":"FUDMA J Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"19949_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjbm.20150301.13","volume":"3","author":"HE Nondzor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nondzor HE. Consumer knowledge, perception and preference of edible oil: evidence from Ghana. Sci J Bus Manage. 2015;3(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.sjbm.20150301.13.","journal-title":"Sci J Bus Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"19949_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5296\/ijrd.v3i2.9418","volume":"3","author":"GN Ntsefong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ntsefong GN, Ngalle-Bille H, Ajambang W, Likeng-Li-Ngue BC, Kingsley TM, Bell JM, Youmbi E. Brief review on the controversies around Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Production and Palm Oil Consumption. Int J Reg Dev. 2016;3(2):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5296\/ijrd.v3i2.9418.","journal-title":"Int J Reg Dev"},{"issue":"8","key":"19949_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578x1601100829","volume":"11","author":"ZF Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma ZF, Lee YY. Virgin coconut oil and its cardiovascular health benefits. Nat Prod Commun. 2016;11(8):1151\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1934578x1601100829.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"19949_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess21108","volume":"70","author":"CH Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan CH, Lee CJ, Tan SN, Poon DTS, Chong CYE, Pui LP. Red palm oil: a review on processing, health benefits and its application in food. J Oleo Sci. 2021;70(9):1201\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5650\/jos.ess21108.","journal-title":"J Oleo Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"19949_CR36","first-page":"117","volume":"6","author":"M Koushki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koushki M, Nahidi M, Cheraghali F. Physico-chemical properties, fatty acid profile and nutrition in palm oil. Archives Adv Biosci. 2015;6(3):117\u201334.","journal-title":"Archives Adv Biosci"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19949-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19949-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19949-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T16:03:09Z","timestamp":1725984189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19949-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19949-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interest in this review.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2468"}}