{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:30:17Z","timestamp":1792755017873,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20168-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T13:02:44Z","timestamp":1727701364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Clinical utility of novel anthropometric indices in identifying type 2 diabetes mellitus among South African adult females"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Machoene Derrick","family":"Sekgala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronel","family":"Sewpaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre P.","family":"Kengne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zandile","family":"Mchiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasheeta","family":"Peer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"20168_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115868","volume":"18","author":"C Pheiffer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pheiffer C, Pillay-van Wyk V, Turawa E, Levitt N, Kengne AP, Bradshaw D. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in South Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):5868.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"20168_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.045","volume":"14","author":"VKR Nayak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nayak VKR, Nayak KR, Vidyasagar S, Rekha P. Predictive performance of traditional and novel lipid combined anthropometric indices to identify prediabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr : Clin Res Rev. 2020;14(5):1265\u201372.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr : Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"20168_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight fact sheet. 2017. Available on: http:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/media\/en\/gsfs_obesity.pdf. Accessed 10 June 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"20168_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2007.05.005","volume":"27","author":"RV Burkhauser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burkhauser RV, Cawley J, Beyond BMI. The value of more accurate measures of fatness and obesity in social science research. J Health Econ. 2008;27(2):519\u201329.","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"issue":"25suppl2","key":"20168_CR5","first-page":"S102","volume":"129","author":"MD Jensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. 2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice guidelines and the obesity society. Circulation. 2014;129(25suppl2):S102\u201338.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"20168_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.212","volume":"24","author":"A Marcadenti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marcadenti A, Fuchs SC, Moreira LB, Wiehe M, Gus M, Fuchs FD. Accuracy of anthropometric indexes of obesity to predict diabetes mellitus type 2 among men and women with hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(2):175\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"20168_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2150-2","volume":"15","author":"Y Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang Y, Guo X, Chen Y, Guo L, Li Z, Yu S, et al. A body shape index and body roundness index: two new body indices to identify diabetes mellitus among rural populations in northeast China. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"20168_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039504","volume":"7","author":"NY Krakauer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. A new body shape index predicts mortality hazard independently of body mass index. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e39504.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"20168_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0467-1","volume":"11","author":"CM de Oliveira","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Oliveira CM, Pavani J, Krieger JE, de Oliveira Alvim R, Mour\u00e3o-Junior CA, da Costa Pereira A. Body adiposity index in assessing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus development: the Baependi Heart Study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"20168_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1334","volume":"35","author":"J G\u00f3mez-Ambrosi","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ambrosi J, Silva C, Catal\u00e1n V, Rodr\u00edguez A, Galofr\u00e9 JC, Escalada J, et al. Clinical usefulness of a new equation for estimating body fat. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):383\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"20168_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(03)00073-0","volume":"34","author":"F Guerrero-Romero","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guerrero-Romero F, Rodr\u0131\u0301guez-Mor\u00e1n M. Abdominal volume index. An anthropometry-based index for estimation of obesity is strongly related to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Med Res. 2003;34(5):428\u201332.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"20168_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-124","volume":"13","author":"SF Tonding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tonding SF, Silva FM, Antonio JP, Azevedo MJ, Canani LHS, Almeida JC. Adiposity markers and risk of coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr J. 2014;13:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"4","key":"20168_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.12.025","volume":"33","author":"K Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang K, Li Y, Ye W, Chen B, Zeng J, Xu S. Predictive ability of traditional and novel anthropometric measurement indices for cardio-metabolic diseases in Chinese adults: China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023;33(4):737\u201348.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"20168_CR14","first-page":"2224","volume":"48","author":"M Saqlain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saqlain M, Akhtar Z, Karamat R, Munawar S, Iqbal M, Muhammad F, et al. Body mass index versus other adiposity traits: best predictor of cardiometabolic risk. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(12):2224.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"20168_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.03.015","volume":"34","author":"G Biolo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Biolo G, Di Girolamo FG, Breglia A, Chiuc M, Baglio V, Vinci P, et al. Inverse relationship between a body shape index(ABSI) and fat-free mass in women and men: insights into mechanisms of sarcopenic obesity. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(2):323\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"20168_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20408","volume":"21","author":"DM Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas DM, Bredlau C, Bosy-Westphal A, Mueller M, Shen W, Gallagher D, et al. Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model. Obesity. 2013;21(11):2264\u201371.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"7","key":"20168_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13023","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13023","volume":"21","author":"S Rico-Mart\u00edn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rico-Mart\u00edn S, Calder\u00f3n\u2010Garc\u00eda JF, S\u00e1nchez\u2010Rey P, Franco\u2010Antonio C, Martinez Alvarez M, S\u00e1nchez Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Torrero JF. Effectiveness of body roundness index in predicting metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21(7):e13023.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"20168_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazari M, Mirzaei K, Keshavarz S. Association between lifelines Diet score (LLDS) and some novel anthropometric indices, including BRI, ABSI, VAI, and BAI, in Iranian women: a cross-sectional study. 2023.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3580788\/v1"},{"key":"20168_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-021-00522-5","volume":"13","author":"CK Endukuru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Endukuru CK, Gaur GS, Dhanalakshmi Y, Sahoo J, Vairappan B. Cut-off values and clinical efficacy of body roundness index and other novel anthropometric indices in identifying metabolic syndrome and its components among southern-indian adults. Diabetol Int. 2022;13:188\u2013200.","journal-title":"Diabetol Int"},{"key":"20168_CR20","unstructured":"Shisana O, Labadarios D, Rehle T, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Dhansay A et al. The South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2012: SANHANES-1: the health and nutritional status of the nation. 2014. Available on: http:\/\/www.hsrc.ac.za\/en\/research-outputs\/view\/6493 (Accessed 19 June 2024)."},{"issue":"20","key":"20168_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203919","volume":"16","author":"ZJ-R Mchiza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mchiza ZJ-R, Parker W-A, Hossin MZ, Heshmati A, Labadarios D, Falkstedt D, et al. Social and psychological predictors of body mass index among south africans 15 years and older: SANHANES-1. Int j Environ res Public Health. 2019;16(20):3919.","journal-title":"Int j Environ res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"20168_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184264","volume":"12","author":"A Stokes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stokes A, Berry KM, Mchiza Z, Parker W-a, Labadarios D, Chola L, et al. Prevalence and unmet need for diabetes care across the care continuum in a national sample of South African adults: evidence from the SANHANES-1, 2011\u20132012. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(10):e0184264.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"20168_CR23","unstructured":"Stats S. General Household Survey: http:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/publications\/P0318. P03182013 pdf (Accessed: 18 March 2015). 2013."},{"key":"20168_CR24","unstructured":"Norton K, Olds T. Anthropometrica: a textbook of body measurement for sports and health courses. UNSW; 1996."},{"key":"20168_CR25","unstructured":"Organization Health Organisation. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. 2000. Available on: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/42330. Accessed 15 September 2023."},{"key":"20168_CR26","first-page":"8","volume":"2008","author":"W Consultation","year":"2008","unstructured":"Consultation W. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Report of a WHO Expert Consultation Geneva. World Health Organ. 2008;2008:8\u201311.","journal-title":"World Health Organ"},{"issue":"9","key":"20168_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90059-I","volume":"44","author":"R Valdez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Valdez R. A simple model-based index of abdominal adiposity. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(9):955\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"20168_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-018-0323-8","volume":"10","author":"F Gomez-Peralta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomez-Peralta F, Abreu C, Cruz-Bravo M, Alcarria E, Gutierrez-Buey G, Krakauer NY, et al. Relationship between a body shape index (ABSI) and body composition in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"20168_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Organization WH, Group ISoHW. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)\/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. Journal of hypertension. 2003;21(11):1983-92.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200311000-00002"},{"key":"20168_CR30","unstructured":"Organization WH. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organization; 2011. Available on: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/70523\/WHO_NMH_CHP_CPM_11.1_eng.pdf. Accessed 03 April 2024."},{"issue":"11b","key":"20168_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v108i11.13383","volume":"108","author":"E Klug","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klug E, Raal F, Marais A, Smuts C, Schamroth C, Jankelow D, et al. South African dyslipidaemia guideline consensus statement: 2018 update a joint statement from the South African Heart Association (SA Heart) and the lipid and Atherosclerosis Society of Southern Africa (LASSA). S Afr Med J. 2018;108(11b):973\u20131000.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"20168_CR32","first-page":"5798","volume":"20","author":"S Sifunda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sifunda S, Mbewu AD, Mabaso M, Manyaapelo T, Sewpaul R, Morgan JW, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of diabetes mellitus in South Africa: results from the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1). Int J Environ Res. 2023;20(10):5798.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"20168_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13060","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13060","volume":"49","author":"JS Perona","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perona JS, Schmidt Rio-Valle J, Ram\u00edrez\u2010V\u00e9lez R, Correa\u2010Rodr\u00edguez M, Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Aparicio \u00c1, Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Jim\u00e9nez E. Waist circumference and abdominal volume index are the strongest anthropometric discriminators of metabolic syndrome in Spanish adolescents. Eur J Clin Investig. 2019;49(3):e13060.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"12","key":"20168_CR34","first-page":"1159","volume":"29","author":"SH Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan SH, Shahid R, Fazal N, Ijaz A. Comparison of various abdominal obesity measures for predicting metabolic syndrome, diabetes, nephropathy, and dyslipidemia. J Coll Phys Surg Pak. 2019;29(12):1159\u201364.","journal-title":"J Coll Phys Surg Pak"},{"issue":"5","key":"20168_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802259","volume":"27","author":"S Hsieh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hsieh S, Yoshinaga H, Muto T. Waist-to-height ratio, a simple and practical index for assessing central fat distribution and metabolic risk in Japanese men and women. Int J Obes. 2003;27(5):610\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"3","key":"20168_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010159","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010159","volume":"6","author":"M Ashwell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ashwell M, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of \u2018early health risk\u2019: simpler and more predictive than using a \u2018matrix\u2019based on BMI and waist circumference. BMJ open. 2016;6(3):e010159.","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"4","key":"20168_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.007153","volume":"93","author":"RP Wildman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wildman RP, Janssen I, Khan UI, Thurston R, Barinas-Mitchell E, El Khoudary SR, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic risk factors in midlife women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(4):719\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"20168_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606063","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2023.1606063","volume":"68","author":"S Geng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geng S, Chen X, Bai K, Ding J, Li H, Shi S. Association of the Cl\u00ednica Universidad De Navarra-Body Adiposity Estimator with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Public Health. 2023;68:1606063.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"20168_CR39","first-page":"4535983","volume":"2021","author":"W Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao W, Tong J, Li J, Cao Y. Relationship between body roundness index and risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men and women: a reanalysis of a cohort study. Int J Endocrinol. 2021;2021(1):4535983.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"20168_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13733","volume":"13","author":"X Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu X, Appleton AA, Ou Y, Zhang Y, Cai A, Zhou Y, et al. Abdominal volume index trajectories and risk of diabetes mellitus: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. J Diabetes Investig. 2022;13(5):868\u201377.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"20168_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12601-6","volume":"22","author":"MD Nglazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nglazi MD, Ataguba JE-O. Overweight and obesity in non-pregnant women of childbearing age in South Africa: subgroup regression analyses of survey data from 1998 to 2017. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):395.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"20168_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02610-2","volume":"29","author":"Global variation in","year":"2023","unstructured":"Global variation in. Diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. Nat Med. 2023;29(11):2885\u2013901.","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20168-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20168-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20168-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T13:03:34Z","timestamp":1727701414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20168-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20168-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4607191\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the South African Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) (REC number: 6\/16\/11\/11), which is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from all the survey participants before the interview. The interviews were conducted by trained interviewers in the respondents\u2019 homes and the respondents\u2019 preferred language.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not application.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2676"}}