{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T19:57:08Z","timestamp":1772049428589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of childhood obesity and diabetes continues to rise in the United States (US), especially among minority populations. The objective of the Early Tracking of Childhood Health Determinants (ETCHED) study is to investigate the role of adverse fetal and early-life risk exposures that contribute to the development of childhood obesity and metabolic risk.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ETCHED is a longitudinal observational study of American Indian\/Alaska Native (AI\/AN) and Hispanic pregnant woman and their offspring. Pregnant mothers\u2009\u2265\u200918 years old are enrolled at a large public hospital system in the southwestern US. Enrolled mothers are followed through pregnancy, delivery, and the maternal\/offspring dyad will be followed until the child\u2019s 18th birthday. At each maternal visit, questionnaires assessing medical history, diet, physical activity, sleep, perceived stress, and socioeconomic and sociocultural information are obtained. Standard laboratory tests during maternal visits include glycemic measures, lipids, and renal function. Additional bio samples obtained include venous blood samples and cord blood for obesity\/metabolic biomarkers and genetic\/epigenetic testing, urinalysis, placental tissue for examining functional pathways, breast milk for metabolomics, and stool for metabolites and microbiome analysis. The offspring will have 6 infant\/toddler visits at 6\u201312 weeks, 4 months, 6 months, 18 months, 2 and 3 years respectively. Thereafter, they will undergo comprehensive research visits (major visits) at 4\u20135 years, 6\u20139 years, 10\u201313 years, and 14\u201317 years. The major visits in children include detailed medical history, anthropometry, developmental assessment, socioeconomic and environmental assessments (food insecurity, family structure, and childcare), feeding and activity, biochemical tests, genetics\/epigenetic testing, and ultrasound elastography. Electronic health records will be reviewed for additional clinical information. The primary analysis will constitute estimation of correlation coefficients between continuous variables. The planned study duration in this ongoing study is 23-years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a life course study that that will examine biological and environmental risk factors for obesity and cardiometabolic risk from the intrauterine period to early childhood and adolescence in a population with high-risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the United States. The ETCHED study would also provide a unique opportunity to combine multi-omics and clinical data to create novel integrative models to predict the cardiometabolic risk associated with childhood obesity and possibly identify etiopathogenetic mechanisms and future targets of intervention.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03481829. Updated July 19, 2024, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03481829?cond=ETCHED&amp;rank=1\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03481829?cond=ETCHED&amp;rank=1<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20176-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T06:01:52Z","timestamp":1727589712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study protocol for Early Tracking of Childhood Health determinants (ETCHED): A longitudinal observational life course study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Elsa Vazquez","family":"Arreola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean V.","family":"Coonrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sourav","family":"Roy Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Knowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Hoskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Wasak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Pack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhumita","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"20176_CR1","unstructured":"Cheryl D, Fryar MD, Carroll J, Afful S, DoHaNE. 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Informed consent is obtained from all adult participants prior to any study procedures. At the first post-delivery visit, written consent for the child\u2019s participation in the study is obtained from the parent\/legal guardian. Children under the age of 18, but who are age 7 years or older, will also be asked to sign an age-appropriate assent form. All consent and assent documents are currently available in both English and Spanish.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2661"}}