{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:28:01Z","timestamp":1790908081424,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"H2020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["874583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["120616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["114285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2010063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III","award":["CPII18\/00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPII18\/00018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NWA.1238.18.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA.1238.18.001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner\u2010Fresenius\u2010Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["302438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Norwegian Regional Health Authority South\u2010East","award":["2020024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001734","name":"Copenhagen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to\u00a0describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009584 (Greece) to <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200973,042 (Norway), with a total sample of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009149,604. Child socio\u2010economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self\u2010reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex\u2010stratified multi\u2010level models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2\u00a0years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20291-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T22:02:11Z","timestamp":1729634531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Social inequalities in child mental health trajectories: a longitudinal study using birth cohort data 12 countries"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7682-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Cadman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8908-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demetris","family":"Avraam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5294-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennie","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elhakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7168-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veit","family":"Grote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5471-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Guerlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f2nica","family":"Guxens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura D.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae-Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja A. J.","family":"Houweling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Jaddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline W.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Julvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Koletzko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Margetaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Melchior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna Thorbjornsrud","family":"Nader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Pizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5044-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theano","family":"Roumeliotaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morris","family":"Swertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Tafflet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Taylor-Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn E.","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrine","family":"Strandberg-Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"20291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.04.026","volume":"90","author":"F Reiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reiss F. Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children andadolescents: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2013;90:24\u201331.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"20291_CR2","first-page":"259","volume":"30","author":"M Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silva M, Loureiro A, Cardoso G. Social determinants of mental health: a review of the evidence. Eur J Psychiatry. 2016;30(4):259\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"20291_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2012-201892","volume":"67","author":"LD Howe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Howe LD, Lawlor DA, Propper C. Trajectories of socioeconomic inequalities in health, behaviours and academic achievement across childhood andadolescence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(4):358\u201364.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"20291_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146517746672","volume":"59","author":"TW Hargrove","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hargrove TW. Intersecting social inequalities and body mass index trajectories from adolescence to early adulthood. J Health Soc Behav. 2018;59(1):56\u201373.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"20291_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.113068","volume":"66","author":"LD Howe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howe LD, et al. Socioeconomic differences in childhood growth trajectories: at what age do height inequalities emerge? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(2):143\u20138.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"20291_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.88","volume":"35","author":"LP Wijlaars","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wijlaars LP, et al. Socioeconomic status and weight gain in early infancy. Int J Obes. 2011;35(7):963\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"11","key":"20291_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14215","volume":"107","author":"R Bramsved","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bramsved R, et al. Parental education and family income affect birthweight, early longitudinal growth and body mass index development differently. Acta Paediatrica. 2018;107(11):1946\u201352.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"10","key":"20291_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208556","volume":"71","author":"C McCrory","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrory C, et al. Socioeconomic differences in children\u2019s growth trajectories from infancy to early adulthood: evidence from four European countries. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017;71(10):981\u20139.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"20291_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0042-0","volume":"42","author":"R Patel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel R, et al. Socioeconomic differences in childhood BMI trajectories in Belarus. Int J Obes. 2018;42(9):1651\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"20291_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-4446.2008.00219.x","volume":"59","author":"KE Kiernan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kiernan KE, Huerta MC. Economic deprivation, maternal depression, parenting and children\u2019s cognitive and emotional development in early childhood 1. Br J Sociol. 2008;59(4):783\u2013806.","journal-title":"Br J Sociol"},{"issue":"4","key":"20291_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279409003250","volume":"38","author":"KE Kiernan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kiernan KE, Mensah FK. Poverty, maternal depression, family status and children\u2019s cognitive and behavioural development in early childhood: A longitudinal study. J Social Policy. 2009;38(4):569\u201388.","journal-title":"J Social Policy"},{"key":"20291_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A C Kalff et al. \u201cNeighbourhood level and individual level SES effects on child problem behaviour: a multilevel analysis\u201d. In: Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 55.4 (2001), pp. 246\u2013250. ISSN: 0143\u2010005X. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.55.4.246. eprint: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/55\/4\/246.full.pdf. URL: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/55\/4\/246.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.4.246"},{"key":"20291_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ursula von Rueden et al. \u201cSocioeconomic determinants of health related quality of life in childhood and adolescence: results from a European study\u201d. In: Journal of Epidemiology &Community Health 60.2 (2006), pp. 130\u2013135. ISSN: 0143\u2010005X. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2005.039792. eprint: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/60\/2\/130.full.pdf. URL: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/60\/2\/130.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.039792"},{"key":"20291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nil Horoz et al. \u201cChildren\u2019s behavioral and emotional problems and peer relationships across elementary school: Associations with individual\u2010 and school\u2010level parental education\u201d. In: Journal of School Psychology 93 (2022), pp. 119\u2013137. ISSN: 0022\u20104405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsp.2022.06.005. URL: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022440522000528.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2022.06.005"},{"key":"20291_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1206-7","volume":"51","author":"E Flouri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flouri E, Midouhas E. School composition, family poverty and child behaviour. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51:817\u201326.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"20291_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sonia Terhaag et al. \u201cSex, ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities and trajectories in child and adolescent mental health in Australia and the UK: findings from national prospective longitudinal studies\u201d. In: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;62(10):1255\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13410. URL: https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13410.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13410 10.1111\/jcpp.13410"},{"issue":"1","key":"20291_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"TA Houweling","year":"2002","unstructured":"Houweling TA, et al. Trajectories of socioeconomic inequality in early child development: a cohort analysis. Int J Equity Health. 2002;21(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"20291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.12.017","volume":"74","author":"M Elovainio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elovainio M, et al. Socioeconomic status and the development of depressive symptoms from childhood to adulthood: a longitudinal analysis across 27 years of follow-up in the Young Finns study. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(6):923\u20139.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"20291_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.03.002","volume":"4","author":"K Noonan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noonan K, Burns R, Violato M. Family income, maternal psychological distress and child socio-emotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. SSM-population health. 2018;4:280\u201390.","journal-title":"SSM-population health"},{"key":"20291_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00662-z","volume":"35","author":"VWV Jaddoe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaddoe VWV, et al. The LifeCycle Project-EU Child Cohort Network: a federated analysis infrastructure and harmonized data of more than 250,000 children and parents. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35:709\u201324.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"20291_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2249568","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.49568","volume":"6","author":"F Vergunst","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vergunst F, et al. Association of childhood externalizing, internalizing, and comorbid symptoms with long-term economic and social outcomes. JAMA Network Open. 2023;6(1):e2249568\u2013e2249568.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"20291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023531","volume":"60","author":"B Galobardes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galobardes B, et al. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2006;60(1):7\u201312.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"20291_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","volume":"42","author":"A Boyd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boyd A, et al. Cohort profile: the \u2018children of the 90s\u2019\u2014the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(1):111\u201327.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"20291_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066","volume":"42","author":"A Fraser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fraser A, et al. Cohort profile: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(1):97\u2013110.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"20291_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27091","volume":"89","author":"B Koletzko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koletzko B, von Kries R, Closa R, Escribano J, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, Beyer J, Demmelmair H, Gruszfeld D, Dobrzanska A, Sengier A, Langhendries JP, Rolland Cachera MF, Grote V, European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group. Lower protein in infant formula is associated with lower weight up to age 2 y: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(6):1836\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27091.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"20291_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948010290040201","volume":"29","author":"J Olsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Olsen J, et al. The Danish National Birth Cohort-its background, structure and aim. Scandinavian J Public Health. 2001;29(4):300\u20137.","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"20291_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv151","volume":"45","author":"B Heude","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heude B, et al. Cohort Profile: The EDEN mother-child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(2):353\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"20291_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9735-1","volume":"27","author":"VWV Jaddoe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaddoe VWV, et al. The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012;27:739\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"20291_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl170","volume":"35","author":"P Magnus","year":"2006","unstructured":"Magnus P, et al. Cohort profile: the Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa)\u201d. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(5):1146\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8876","key":"20291_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91944-H","volume":"342","author":"JP Newnham","year":"1993","unstructured":"Newnham JP, et al. Effects of frequent ultrasound during pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1993;342(8876):887\u201391.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"20291_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp211","volume":"170","author":"L Chatzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chatzi L, et al. Metabolic syndrome in early pregnancy and risk of preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(7):829\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"20291_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20210241","volume":"33","author":"JL Nader","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nader JL, et al. Measures of Early-life Behavior and Later Psychopathology in the LifeCycle Project - EU Child Cohort Network: A Cohort Description. J Epidemiol. 2023;33(6):321\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.JE20210241.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol."},{"key":"20291_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolf C, Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik JHP. Measuring Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables in Cross-National Research. In: Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik JHP, Wolf C, editors. Advances in Cross-National Comparison.\u00a0Boston:\u00a0Springer;\u00a02003.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-9186-7_1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9186-7_1"},{"key":"20291_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Enrique Regidor. \u201cMeasures of health inequalities: part 2\u201d. J Epidemiol Community Health.\u00a02004;58(11):900\u2013903. ISSN: 0143\u2010005X. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2004.023036. eprint: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/58\/11\/900.full.pdf. URL: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/58\/11\/900.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023036"},{"issue":"5","key":"20291_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):581\u20136.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"20291_CR36","first-page":"371","volume":"7","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C. Child behavior checklist. Burlington (Vt). 1991;7:371\u201392.","journal-title":"Burlington (Vt)"},{"issue":"6","key":"20291_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu188","volume":"43","author":"A Gaye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gaye A, et al. DataSHIELD: taking the analysis to the data, not the data to the analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(6):1929\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"20291_CR38","first-page":"129","volume":"65","author":"K Tilling","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tilling K, et al. Modelling childhood growth using fractional polynomials and linear splines. Ann NutrMetabol. 2014;65(2\u20133):129\u201338.","journal-title":"Ann NutrMetabol"},{"issue":"5","key":"20291_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051700","volume":"17","author":"C Pizzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pizzi C, et al. Measuring child socio-economic position in birth cohort research: the development of a novel standardized household income indicator. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1700.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"20291_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Larsen R. \u201cMissing Data Imputation versus Full Information Maximum Likelihood with Second\u2010Level Dependencies\u201d. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary J. 2011;18(4):649\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2011.607721.","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2011.607721"},{"issue":"1","key":"20291_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31827623b1","volume":"24","author":"LD Howe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Howe LD, et al. \u201cLoss to follow-up in cohort studies: bias in estimates of socioeconomic inequalities. Epidemiol (Cambridge, Mass). 2013;24(1):1.","journal-title":"Epidemiol (Cambridge, Mass)"},{"key":"20291_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(03)00073-7","volume":"13","author":"B Andreas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andreas B, et al. Evaluation of the self-reported SDQ in a clinical setting: do self-reports tell us more than ratings by adult informants. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13:ii17\u201324.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"20291_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.3.313","volume":"18","author":"G Deborah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deborah G, et al. The equivalence of the Child Behavior Checklist\/1 1\/2\u20135 across parent race\/ethnicity, income level, and language. Psychol Assess. 2006;18(3):313.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"20291_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Viviane S Straatmann et al. \u201cHow do early\u2010life factors explain social inequalities in adolescent mental health? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study\u201d. In: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2019;73(11):1049\u20131060. ISSN: 0143\u2010005X. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2019-212367. eprint: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/73\/11\/1049.full.pdf. URL: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/73\/11\/1049.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212367"},{"issue":"5","key":"20291_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0000000000000388","volume":"25","author":"JN Mikhail","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mikhail JN, et al. The social determinants of trauma: a trauma disparities scoping review and framework. J Trauma Nursing JTN. 2018;25(5):266\u201381.","journal-title":"J Trauma Nursing JTN"},{"issue":"7","key":"20291_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.06.011","volume":"73","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2001","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA, et al. Childhood socio-economic status and the onset, persistence, and severity of DSM-IV mental disorders in a US national sample\u201d. Soc Sci Med. 2001;73(7):1088\u201396.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"20291_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eric T, Lai C, et al. \u201cPathways to inequalities in child mental health: a causal mediation analysis of evidence from two national birth cohorts\u201d. Lancet. 2019;394. Public Health Science 2019, S3. ISSN: 0140\u20106736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32800-4. URL: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0140673619328004.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32800-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"20291_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00188-8","volume":"44","author":"P West","year":"1997","unstructured":"West P. Health inequalities in the early years: is there equalisation in youth? Soc Sci Med. 1997;44(6):833\u201358.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"20291_CR49","unstructured":"Nicholas Kofi Adjei et al. \u201cImpact of Parental Mental Health and Poverty on the Health of the Next Generation: A Multi\u2010Trajectory Analysis Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study\u201d. In: Journal of Adolescent Health (2023)."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20291-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20291-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20291-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T22:02:41Z","timestamp":1729634561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20291-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20291-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the executive board of the Horizon 2020 LifeCycle project (733206), and separately by each cohort included in the study. The original data collection for each cohort was granted by local ethics boards (Supplementary Text 1).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2930"}}