{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:14:34Z","timestamp":1794330874147,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20664-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T04:53:53Z","timestamp":1731300833000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis and attributable risk factors for 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases 2021 study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Huafei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"20664_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2020.02.005","volume":"67","author":"PMB Arvind Natarajan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arvind Natarajan PMB, Anushka V, Devnikar. Sagar Mali. A systemic review on tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberculosis. 2020;67(3):295\u2013311.","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberculosis"},{"key":"20664_CR2","unstructured":"GTB. Global tuberculosis report 2023: World Health Organization. 2023 [9 June 2024]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-tuberculosis-programme\/tb-reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"20664_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00092-3","volume":"10","author":"K Dheda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dheda K, Perumal T, Moultrie H, Perumal R, Esmail A, Scott AJ, et al. The intersecting pandemics of tuberculosis and COVID-19: population-level and patient-level impact, clinical presentation, and corrective interventions. Lancet Respiratory Med. 2022;10(6):603\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet Respiratory Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"20664_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187967","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187967","volume":"12","author":"RH Al-Rifai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Rifai RH, Pearson F, Critchley JA, Abu-Raddad LJ. Association between diabetes mellitus and active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0187967.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"20664_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultana ZZ, Hoque FU, Beyene J, Akhlak-Ul-Islam M, Khan MHR, Ahmed S et al. HIV infection and multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05749-2"},{"key":"20664_CR6","unstructured":"Organization WH. Implementing the end TB strategy: the essentials, 2022 update. World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"20664_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2024.01.009","volume":"65","author":"QW Lan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lan QW, Chen HK, Huang ZM, Bao TY, Liang CJ, Yi RT, et al. Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence for tuberculosis, 1990\u20132019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the global burden of Disease 2019 study. Heart Lung. 2024;65:19\u201330.","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"20664_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00181-3","volume":"9","author":"X Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai X, Yi M, Dong B. The global, regional, and national burden of kidney cancer and attributable risk factor analysis from 1990 to 2017. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2020;9:27.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"10440","key":"20664_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","author":"GBD Diseases","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diseases GBD, Injuries C. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2133\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"20664_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou L, Deng Y, Li N, Zheng Y, Tian T, Zhai Z et al. Global, regional, and national burden of Hodgkin lymphoma from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the 2017 global burden of Disease study. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0799-1"},{"key":"20664_CR11","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 database [Internet]. 2024 [cited 9 June 2024]. https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results\/"},{"key":"20664_CR12","unstructured":"GTB. Global tuberculosis report 2020. World Health Organization; 2020. [."},{"key":"20664_CR13","unstructured":"GTB. Global tuberculosis report 2021. World Health Organization; 2021. [."},{"key":"20664_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhong M, Huang J, Deng W, Li P, Yao Z et al. Spatiotemporal patterns and socioeconomic determinants of pulmonary tuberculosis in Dongguan city, China, during 2011\u20132020: an ecological study. BMJ Open. 2024;14(9).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085733"},{"key":"20664_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yerezhepov D, Gabdulkayum A, Akhmetova A, Abilova Z, Rakhimova S, Kairov U et al. Epidemiological and genetic aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis in Kazakhstan. J Infect Public Health. 2024;17(10).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102540"},{"key":"20664_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thimmanahalli Sobagaiah R, Kumari N, Bharathi Gattam D, Khazi MS. Nationwide surveys of awareness of tuberculosis in India uncover a gender gap in Tuberculosis awareness. Commun Med. 2024;4(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00592-x"},{"key":"20664_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavhu W, Dauya E, Bandason T, Munyati S, Cowan FM, Hart G, et al. Chronic cough and its association with TB-HIV co-infection: factors affecting help-seeking behaviour in Harare, Zimbabwe. Tropical Medicine & International Health; 2010.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02493.x"},{"key":"20664_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahdhienie F, Mudatsir M, Abidin TF, Nurjannah N. Risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia: a case-control study in a high disease prevalence region. Narra J. 2024;4(2).","DOI":"10.52225\/narra.v4i2.943"},{"issue":"2","key":"20664_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562017000000443","volume":"44","author":"DR Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silva DR, Mu\u00f1oz-Torrico M, Duarte R, Galv\u00e3o T, Bonini EH, Arbex FF, et al. Risk factors for tuberculosis: diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and the use of other drugs. Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia. 2018;44(2):145\u201352.","journal-title":"Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia"},{"key":"20664_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullahi LH, Oketch S, Komen H, Mbithi I, Millington K, Mulupi S et al. Gendered gaps to tuberculosis prevention and care in Kenya: a political economy analysis study. BMJ Open. 2024;14(4).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077989"},{"key":"20664_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268824000335","volume":"152","author":"H Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu H, Yang J, Yan Y, Zhang H. Factors affecting the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis based on the GTWR model in China, 2004\u20132021. Epidemiol Infect. 2024;152:e65.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"20664_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Song W, Liu S, An Q, Tao N, Zhu X et al. An ecological study of tuberculosis incidence in China, from 2002 to 2018. Front Public Health. 2022;9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.766362"},{"key":"20664_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Q-y, Yang D-m, Cao L-q, Liu J-y, Tao N-n, Li Y-f et al. Association between economic development level and tuberculosis registered incidence in Shandong, China. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09627-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"20664_CR24","first-page":"207","volume":"39","author":"H Lyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lyu H, Zhang X, Zhang W, Xu Y. Progress in research of epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis and influencing factors. Disease Surveillance. 2024;39(2):207\u201314.","journal-title":"Disease Surveillance"},{"key":"20664_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imtiaz S, Shield KD, Roerecke M, Samokhvalov AV, L\u00f6nnroth K, Rehm J. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: meta-analyses and burden of disease. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(1).","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00216-2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"20664_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09404-y","volume":"24","author":"J Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo J, Han Y, Zhang X, Lin F, Chen L, Feng X. Risk factors of adult isoniazid-resistant and rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis in Nanjing, 2019\u20132021. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):511.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"20664_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1086\/519939","volume":"45","author":"BI Restrepo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Restrepo BI. Convergence of the tuberculosis and diabetes epidemics: Renewal of Old Acquaintances. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(4):436\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"43","key":"20664_CR28","first-page":"729","volume":"116","author":"I Suarez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suarez I, Funger SM, Kroger S, Rademacher J, Fatkenheuer G, Rybniker J. The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019;116(43):729\u201335.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"20664_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104828","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1104828","volume":"14","author":"AJ Udoakang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Udoakang AJ, Djomkam Zune AL, Tapela K, Nganyewo NN, Olisaka FN, Anyigba CA, et al. The COVID-19, Tuberculosis and HIV\/AIDS: menage a Trois. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1104828.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"20664_CR30","unstructured":"Reid Mea. Scientific advances and the end of tuberculosis: a report from the Lancet Commission on Tuberculosis. 2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"20664_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.199505","volume":"101","author":"JR Hargreaves","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hargreaves JR, Boccia D, Evans CA, Adato M, Petticrew M, Porter JDH. The Social determinants of Tuberculosis: from evidence to action. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(4):654\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"20664_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00381-8","volume":"11","author":"The Lancet Respiratory M","year":"2023","unstructured":"The Lancet Respiratory M. Tuberculosis: setting achievable targets for elimination. Lancet Respir Med. 2023;11(11):945.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"20664_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunsaru V, Henrion MYR, McQuaid CF. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis treatment outcomes in 49 high burden countries. BMC Med. 2024;22(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03532-7"},{"key":"20664_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su Y, Chang Q, Chen R, Chen Z, Lin J, Fu H et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic responses on tuberculosis incidence: insights from Shantou, China. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18956-2"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20664-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20664-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20664-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1731358939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20664-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20664-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain individual data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3111"}}