{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:53:33Z","timestamp":1782215613867,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Tanzania like other developing countries, TB detection is hindered by totally missed, late notification, and delayed diagnosis of active cases. Apart from having TB control strategies and interventions to detect patients and put them on treatment to cut down the chain of transmission, TB remains a health concern. Limited data exist on the burden and trends of tuberculosis in Mwanza, which includes fishing communities and living conditions that are associated with high TB transmission like overcrowding. This study aimed to determine tuberculosis trends in the Mwanza region of Tanzania for five years, from 2017 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We extracted routine TB diagnostic data from 2017 to 2021 from eight districts of the Mwanza region of Tanzania from the electronic TB database. Data were captured in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 with district TB and leprosy coordinators and then imported into STATA 13 (Stata Corp LLC, College Station, TX, USA) for analysis. We estimated the TB case detection rate per 100,000 population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 6,414 laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis cases were detected in eight districts of the Mwanza region in Tanzania from 2017 to 2021. The average tuberculosis detection rate in five years was 34.7 per 100,000 population. Overall, the TB detection rate was two times higher in people without HIV (30.5) compared to those infected with HIV; 13.4 per 100,000 population. Of the 15 rifampicin-resistant TB cases detected in the year 2018, 66.7% (10\/15) were HIV-negative compared to 33.3% (5\/15) infected with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TB case detection rate decreased in Mwanza region from 43.9 in 2017 to 21.4 per 100,000 population in 2021. Other parameters were missing in the database, which indicates remarkable gaps in the established database to monitor TB management in the region. The program may consider investigating and improving the documentation of information necessary to attain its goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20684-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T11:58:29Z","timestamp":1732017509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Five-year tuberculosis trends analysis in eight districts of Mwanza region, Tanzania; (2017\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Medard","family":"Beyanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Novel N.","family":"Chegou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Walzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasang","family":"Christa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"20684_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding C et al. Epidemic trends in high tuberculosis burden countries during the last three decades and feasibility of achieving the global targets at the country level. 2022. 9: p. 798465.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.798465"},{"key":"20684_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagcchi S. WHO\u2019s global tuberculosis report 2022. 2023;4(1):e20.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00359-7"},{"key":"20684_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakaya J et al. The WHO Global Tuberculosis 2021 Report\u2013not so good news and turning the tide back to End TB. 2022;124:S26-S29.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.03.011"},{"issue":"7","key":"20684_CR4","first-page":"136","volume":"7","author":"HD Shah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shah HD, et al. Gaps and interventions across the diagnostic care cascade of TB patients at the level of patient. Community Health System: Qualitative Rev Literature. 2022;7(7):136.","journal-title":"Community Health System: Qualitative Rev Literature"},{"key":"20684_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"JCS Ngabonziza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ngabonziza JCS, et al. Diagn perform smear microscopy increm yield xpert detect pulmonary tuberculosis rwanda. 2016;16:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Diagn Perform Smear Microscopy Increm Yield Xpert Detect Pulmonary Tuberculosis Rwanda"},{"key":"20684_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukasa E et al. Challenges and strategies for standardizing information systems for integrated TB\/HIV services in Tanzania: a case study of Kinondoni municipality. 2017;79(1):1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1681-4835.2017.tb00581.x"},{"key":"20684_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stosic M et al. Trends in tuberculosis notification and mortality and factors associated with treatment outcomes in Serbia, 2005 to 2015. 2020;25(1):1900322.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.1.1900322"},{"key":"20684_CR8","unstructured":"Statistics TNBo. Population and housing census administrative units population distribution and age and sex distribution report. 2022."},{"key":"20684_CR9","unstructured":"citypopulation.de\/en\/Tanzania\/Admin\/19_mwanza."},{"key":"20684_CR10","unstructured":"Region M. Mwanza region size."},{"key":"20684_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham SM et al. Clinical case definitions for classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis in children: an update. 2015;61(suppl_3):S179-S187.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ581"},{"key":"20684_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baluku JB et al. Trends of notification rates and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis cases with and without HIV co-infection in eight rural districts of Uganda (2015\u20132019). 2022;22(1):651.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13111-1"},{"key":"20684_CR13","unstructured":"Hogan AB et al. Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, Tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. 2020; 8(9):e1132\u201341."},{"key":"20684_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemu T, H.J.B.R N, Gutema. Trend in magnitude of tuberculosis in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a five-year tuberculosis surveillance data analysis. 2019;12:1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4234-z"},{"key":"20684_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durovni B et al. Impact of replacing smear microscopy with Xpert MTB\/RIF for diagnosing tuberculosis in Brazil: a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial. 2014; 11(12):e1001766.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001766"},{"key":"20684_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horton KC et al. Sex differences in tuberculosis burden and notifications in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2016;13(9): e1002119.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002119"},{"issue":"12","key":"20684_CR17","first-page":"e1000199","volume":"6","author":"O Neyrolles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neyrolles O, Quintana-Murci LJPm. Sex inequal tuberculosis. 2009;6(12):e1000199.","journal-title":"Sex Inequal Tuberculosis"},{"key":"20684_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McQuaid CF et al. The risk of multidrug-or rifampicin-resistance in males versus females with tuberculosis. 2020;56(3).","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00626-2020"},{"key":"20684_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelaw YA et al. HIV prevalence among tuberculosis patients in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2019;23:1561\u20131575.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-02386-4"},{"key":"20684_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molla KA, Reta MA, Ayene YYJPo. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022;17(6):e0270272.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270272"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20684-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20684-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20684-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T12:02:27Z","timestamp":1732017747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20684-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20684-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4226350\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The informed consent from all participants was deemed not necessary by the joint Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS)\/Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) Research Ethics and Review Committee (CREC) (Number CREC\/398\/2019) and the Health Research Ethics Committee of Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (reference number: S21\/5\/081). Permission for access to the TB program database was obtained from the National TB and Leprosy control program manager, through the Ministry of Health.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No individual or person data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3218"}}