{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:53:24Z","timestamp":1772603604362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community-based organizations (CBOs) provide critical services to people experiencing homelessness and played a unique role in data collection throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Although data from CBOs filled a critical need, many jurisdictions faced challenges with timely and integrated data collection. We gathered expert opinions from CBO leaders on homelessness and health to identify how to support CBO data collection to best inform public health practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted purposively sampled semi-structured key informant interviews (KII) with CBO leaders. Questions included populations served, methods for collecting and sharing data, challenges during data collection and sharing, and possible solutions. KII transcripts were examined using thematic analysis. After the KIIs, we convened a technical expert panel (TEP) to review findings and suggest potential opportunities for improving data collection and sharing among CBOs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted 20 key informant interviews representing 16 CBOs. Three thematic areas emerged from the transcripts: challenges in data entry and collection, infrastructure limitations, and challenges to data sharing and partnerships. The 20 TEP members suggested that creating an interagency health and housing a data modernization support center could increase federal coordination, that system interoperability could be improved by creating standards for defining data elements and that more tools are needed to support CBOs to implement best practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TEP subject matter experts provided field-endorsed perspectives to support CBOs who work closely with people experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through increased collaboration at all levels and coordinated action, improved data to better support the health of people experiencing homelessness is an achievable goal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20954-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T07:42:45Z","timestamp":1756194165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving data on homelessness and health: partnering with community-based organizations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Schoonveld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Mosites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristie E. N.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9953","key":"20954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61132-6","volume":"384","author":"S Fazel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fazel S, Geddes JR, Kushel M. The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations. Lancet. 2014;384(9953):1529\u201340.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"#cr-split#-20954_CR2.1","unstructured":"HUD, in the U.S. 2022 AHAR: Part 1 - PIT Estimates of Homelessness : HUD Exchange"},{"key":"#cr-split#-20954_CR2.2","unstructured":"February 2023 [ https:\/\/www.hudexchange.info\/resource\/6802\/2022-ahar-part-1-pit-estimates-of-homelessness-in-the-us\/"},{"issue":"Supplement3","key":"20954_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S372","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac353","volume":"226","author":"E Mosites","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mosites E, Lobelo EE, Hughes L, Butler JC. Public Health and Homelessness: a Framework the. J Infect Dis. 2022;226(Supplement3):S372\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"20954_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001268","volume":"26","author":"JT Lane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lane JT, Smith K, Allen M, Surio P, Ruebush E. COVID-19 highlights critical need for Public Health Data Modernization to remain a Priority. J Public Health Manage Pract. 2020;26(6):634\u20136.","journal-title":"J Public Health Manage Pract"},{"key":"20954_CR5","unstructured":"Emergency PH. Improving the Integration of CBOs: Building Relationships in Preparation for the Next Emergency: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; 2020 [ https:\/\/www.phe.gov\/emergency\/events\/COVID19\/atrisk\/returning-to-work\/Pages\/improving-the-integration-of-CBOs.aspx"},{"issue":"4","key":"20954_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22609","volume":"50","author":"CL Pixley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pixley CL, Henry FA, DeYoung SE, Settembrino MR. The role of homelessness community based organizations during COVID-19. J Community Psychol. 2022;50(4):1816\u201330.","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"20954_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4505-10-36","volume":"10","author":"MG Wilson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilson MG, Lavis JN, Guta A. Community-based organizations in the health sector: a scoping review. Health Res Policy Syst. 2012;10(1):36.","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"20954_CR8","unstructured":"HUD. Universal Data Elements (UDE) 2017 [ https:\/\/www.hudexchange.info\/programs\/hmis\/hmis-data-standards\/standards\/#t=Universal_Data_Elements.htm"},{"issue":"8","key":"20954_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2227248","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.27248","volume":"5","author":"AA Meehan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meehan AA, Thomas I, Horter L, Schoonveld M, Carmichael AE, Kashani M, et al. Incidence of COVID-19 among persons experiencing homelessness in the US from January 2020 to November 2021. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(8):e2227248\u2013e.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"20954_CR10","unstructured":"CMS. Technical Expert Panels: Measures Management System (MMS). 2022 [ https:\/\/mmshub.cms.gov\/get-involved\/technical-expert-panel\/overview"},{"key":"20954_CR11","unstructured":"AHRQ. Technical Expert Panels 2022 [ https:\/\/cmext.ahrq.gov\/confluence\/display\/EC\/Technical+Expert+Panels"},{"issue":"2","key":"20954_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2021.2018074","volume":"27","author":"JR Powell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Powell JR, Browne LR, Guild K, Shah MI, Crowe RP, Lindbeck G, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for Prehospital Pain Management: literature and methods. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2023;27(2):154\u201361.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"20954_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac029","volume":"29","author":"P Dullabh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dullabh P, Heaney-Huls K, Lobach DF, Hovey LS, Sandberg SF, Desai PJ, et al. The technical landscape for patient-centered CDS: progress, gaps, and challenges. J Am Med Inf Assoc. 2022;29(6):1101\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inf Assoc"},{"key":"20954_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh J, Holley L, Ford CD, Guest MA. Engagement and Advocacy of Community-based organizations serving older adults in native American, rural, and homeless communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Aging Soc Policy. 2022:1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/08959420.2022.2133317"},{"key":"20954_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2022.102189","volume":"96","author":"C Collins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Collins C, Dolata J, Pike E, Sehgal A. Increasing research capacity in community organizations: findings from the Community Research scholars Initiative. Eval Program Plan. 2023;96:102189.","journal-title":"Eval Program Plan"},{"issue":"1","key":"20954_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11687-8","volume":"21","author":"NM Rodriguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez NM, Lahey AM, MacNeill JJ, Martinez RG, Teo NE, Ruiz Y. Homelessness during COVID-19: challenges, responses, and lessons learned from homeless service providers in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1657.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20954-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20954-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20954-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T06:14:01Z","timestamp":1757484841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20954-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20954-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3386323\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Institutional Review Board (FWA00001413) considered this study not human subjects research because it was conducted as part of public health surveillance (45 CFR 46 \u00a7\u00a046.102). Both ethical approval and informed consent were hence waived as per The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Institutional Review Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}],"article-number":"2918"}}