{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:36:09Z","timestamp":1793140569687,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Stigma significantly impacts individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and their caregivers, exacerbating social isolation, psychological distress, and reducing quality of life (QoL). Although considerable research has been conducted on PD\u2019s clinical aspects, the social and emotional challenges, like stigma, remain underexplored. Addressing stigma is crucial for enhancing well-being, fostering inclusivity and improving access to care and support. The review aims to fill this knowledge gap by synthesising existing literature on PD stigma, examining its effects on individuals and families affected, and identifying areas where interventions could reduce stigma\u2019s impact.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This systematic review was conducted following Joanna Briggs Institute guidance. Studies were identified through searches in six databases, relevant websites, and reference lists. Covidence was used for duplicate removal, screening, and data extraction. Thematic analysis identified key themes from qualitative data, while narrative synthesis integrated findings from qualitative and quantitative studies. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023399343).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This review included 22 studies published between 2002 and 2024, using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Five key themes emerged. The first highlighted stereotypes in PD, such as misconceptions about symptoms, age stereotyping, and supernatural beliefs. The second explored drivers and facilitators of stigma, identifying factors like duration since diagnosis, disease severity, lack of public education, and media representation. The third theme revealed stigma\u2019s impact on mental health and well-being, exacerbating feelings of shame, embarrassment, and social isolation. The fourth, responses and consequences of stigma, detailed strategies employed by individuals with PD to manage stigma, including seeking social support and adopting coping mechanisms. The fifth theme, beyond stigma, explored positive aspects of living with PD, highlighting resilience, positive interactions, and advocacy efforts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This systematic review underscores the significant impact of stigma on individuals with PD and their caregivers, manifesting as social isolation, diminished QoL, and psychological distress. Key drivers include public misconceptions, cultural biases, and limited awareness and addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions. Recommendations include education to dispel myths, public awareness campaigns and advocacy efforts to reduce stigma, enhance support, and improve QoL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21236-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T09:33:11Z","timestamp":1735896791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Exploring the stigma experienced by people affected by Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Crooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Wynne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"21236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","volume":"8","author":"E Dorsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorsey E, Sherer T, Okun M, Bloem B. The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic. J Parkinson\u2019s Disease. 2018;8(1):3\u20138.","journal-title":"J Parkinson\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"21236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06873.x","volume":"30","author":"T Lebouvier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lebouvier T, Chaumette T, Paillusson S, Duyckaerts C, des Varannes S, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. The second brain and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;30(5):735\u201341.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"21236_CR3","unstructured":"Parkinson disease. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/parkinson-disease"},{"issue":"8","key":"21236_CR4","first-page":"504","volume":"40","author":"G DeMaagd","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeMaagd G, Phillip A. Parkinson\u2019s Disease and its management. Pharm Ther. 2015;40(8):504\u201310.","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"key":"21236_CR5","unstructured":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease - Causes. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/parkinsons-disease\/causes\/"},{"key":"21236_CR6","volume-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: etiology, neuropathology, and Pathogenesis. Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis and clinical aspects Brisbane","author":"A Kouli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kouli A, Torsney K, Kuan W, Stoker T, Greenland. Parkinson\u2019s Disease: etiology, neuropathology, and Pathogenesis. Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis and clinical aspects Brisbane. Brisbane, Aus: Codon; 2018."},{"issue":"S1","key":"21236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13691","volume":"39","author":"S Sveinbjornsdottir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sveinbjornsdottir S. The clinical symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem. 2016;39(S1):318\u201324.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"21236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-012-1050-z","volume":"28","author":"R Xia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xia R, Mao Z. Progression of motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Bul. 2012;28:39\u201348.","journal-title":"Neurosci Bul"},{"key":"21236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa T, Scorza F. Stigma in Parkinson\u2019s disease: placing it outside the body. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2022;77(100008).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2022.100008"},{"issue":"1","key":"21236_CR10","first-page":"16","volume":"1","author":"P Corrigan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corrigan P, Watson A. Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry. 2002;1(1):16\u201320.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"21236_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.2115","volume":"17","author":"Y Budiarto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Budiarto Y, Helmi A. Shame and Self-Esteem: a Meta-analysis. Europe\u2019s J Psychol. 2021;17(2):131\u201345.","journal-title":"Europe\u2019s J Psychol"},{"key":"21236_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleury V, Chiuve S, Forjaz M, Marco M, Messe M, Debove I. Embarrassment and shame in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a new tool for self-assessment. Front Neurol. 2020;11(779).","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00779"},{"issue":"2","key":"21236_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680209500205","volume":"95","author":"A Gray","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gray A. Stigma in psychiatry. J R Soc Med. 2002;95(2):72\u20136.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"21236_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.04.044","volume":"265","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Subramaniam M, Lee S, Abdin E, Sagayadevan V. Affiliate stigma and its association with quality of life among caregivers of relatives with mental illness in Singapore. Psychiatry Res. 2018;265:55\u201361.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"21236_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205700804","volume":"57","author":"P Corrigan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Corrigan P, Rao D. On the self-stigma of Mental Illness: stages, Disclosure, and strategies for change. Can J Psychiatry. 2013;57(8):464\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"21236_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crooks S, Carter G, Wilson C, Wynne L, Stark P, Doumas M, O\u2019Shea MRE, Mitchell G: Exploring public perceptions and awareness of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a scoping review. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(9).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291357"},{"key":"21236_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crooks S, Stark P, Carlisle S, McMullan J, Copeland S, Wong A, Blake D, Lyons E, Campbell N, Carter G et al. Evaluation of a co-designed Parkinson\u2019s awareness audio podcast for undergraduate nursing students in Northern Ireland. BMC Nurs. 2023;22(370).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01544-x"},{"key":"21236_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maffoni M, Giardini A, Pierobon A, Ferrazzoli D, Frazzitta G. Stigma experienced by Parkinson\u2019s Disease patients: a descriptive review of qualitative studies. Hindawi. 2017, Article ID 7203259.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7203259"},{"issue":"1","key":"21236_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15278-7","volume":"23","author":"N Fothergill-Misbah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fothergill-Misbah N. The lived experience of stigma and parkinson\u2019s disease in Kenya: a public health challenge. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):364.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"21236_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.20079","volume":"14","author":"M Lubomski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lubomski M, Davis R, Sue C. Health-Related Quality of Life for Parkinson\u2019s Disease patients and their caregivers. J Mov Disorders. 2020;14(1):42\u201352.","journal-title":"J Mov Disorders"},{"key":"21236_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lizarondo L, Stern C, Carrier J, Godfrey C, Rieger K, Salmond S, Apostolo J, Kirkpatrick P, Loveday H. Chap. 8: mixed methods systematic reviews. In: Aromataris E LC, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z (ed.) JBI manual for evidence synthesis; 2020.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-19-02"},{"key":"21236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page M, McKenzie J, Bossuyt P, Boutron I, Hoffmann T, Mulrow C. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"21236_CR23","unstructured":"A systematic review on the stigma. experienced by people affected by Parkinson\u2019s disease from the public https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023399343"},{"issue":"4","key":"21236_CR24","first-page":"73","volume":"1","author":"S Satapathy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Satapathy S, Mishra D, Shruti M. Search technique using wildcards or truncation: a Tolerance Rough Set Clustering Approach. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl. 2010;1(4):73\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"21236_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01583-y","volume":"10","author":"S McKeown","year":"2021","unstructured":"McKeown S, Mir Z. Considerations for conducting systematic reviews: evaluating the performance of different methods for de-duplicating references. Syst Reviews. 2021;10(1):38.","journal-title":"Syst Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"21236_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000062","volume":"13","author":"C Lockwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lockwood C, Munn Z, Porritt K. Qualitative research synthesis: methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(3):179\u201387.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"issue":"1","key":"21236_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","volume":"20","author":"J Cohen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):37\u201346.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"21236_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AboJabel H, Argavan E, Hassin-Baer S, Inzelberg R, Werner P. Exploring the perceptions and stigmatizing experiences of Israeli family caregivers of people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Aging Stud. 2021;56.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2020.100910"},{"key":"21236_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-219","volume":"11","author":"G Mshana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mshana G, Dotchin C, Walker R. We call it the shaking illness\u2019: perceptions and experiences of Parkinson\u2019s disease in rural northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:219.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"21236_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/11038128.2016.1234643","volume":"24","author":"M Nazzal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nazzal M, Khalil H. Living with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a Jordanian perspective. Scand J Occup Ther. 2017;24(1):74\u201382.","journal-title":"Scand J Occup Ther"},{"key":"21236_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou P, Lee Y, Chang Y, Hung C, Chen Y, Lin T, Shuh F, Chen W, Lin P, Chong M et al. The Interrelationship of Benefit Finding, Demoralization, and Stigma among patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and their caregivers. Healthcare. 2024;12(878).","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12090878"},{"issue":"2","key":"21236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2018-0333","volume":"42","author":"A da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"da Silva A, Leal V, da Silva P, Freita F, Linhares M, Walz R, Malloy-Diniz L, Diaz A, Palha A. Difficulties in activities of daily living are associated with stigma in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease who are candidates for deep brain stimulation. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(2):190\u20134.","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"21236_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2037743","volume":"45","author":"F Eccles","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eccles F, Sowter N, Spokes T, Zarotti N, Simpson J. Stigma, self-compassion, and psychological distress among people with Parkinson\u2019s. Disbaility Rehabilitation. 2023;45(3):425\u201333.","journal-title":"Disbaility Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"21236_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205018666210608100917","volume":"18","author":"R Henry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henry R, Perrin P, Lageman S, Villasenor T, Cariello A, Pugh M, Smith E, Arroyo M, Zararte A, Avila J, et al. Parkinson\u2019s symptoms and Caregiver Affiliate Stigma: a multinational study. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2021;18(3):222\u201331.","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"21236_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou M, Mao X, Hou X, Li K. Stigma and associated correlates of elderly patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Psychiatry. 2021;15(12).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.708960"},{"key":"21236_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam S, Neargarder S, Kinger S, Fox-Fuller J, Salazar R, Cronin-Golomb A. Perceived stigma and quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease with additional health conditions. Gen Psychiatr. 2022;35(3).","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2021-100653"},{"key":"21236_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin J, Ou R, Wei Q, Cao B, Li C, Hou Y, Zhang L, Liu K, Shang H. Self-stigma in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a 3-year prospective cohort study. Front Aging Neurosci; 2022.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.790897"},{"issue":"12","key":"21236_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-016-1329-z","volume":"25","author":"H Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma H, Saint-Hilaire M, Thomas C, Tickle-Degnen L. Stigma as a key determinant of health-related quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Qual Life Res. 2016;25(12):3037\u201345.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"21236_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verity F, Eccles F, Boland A, Simpson J. Does perceived control mediate the relationship between stigma and well-being for individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease? J Neurol Sci. 2020;414(1).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116841"},{"issue":"1","key":"21236_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.02245.x","volume":"39","author":"M Caap-Ahlgren","year":"2002","unstructured":"Caap-Ahlgren M, Lannerheim L, Dehlin O. Older Swedish women\u2019s experiences of living with symptoms related to Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Adv Nurs. 2002;39(1):87\u201395.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"21236_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S15986","volume":"2011","author":"H Chiong-Rivero","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiong-Rivero H, Ryan GW, Flippen C, Bordelon Y, Szumski NR, Zesiewicz TA, Vassar S, Weidmer B, Garc\u00eda RE, Bradley M, et al. Patients\u2019 and caregivers\u2019 experiences of the impact of Parkinson\u2019s disease on health status. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2011;2011(2):57\u201370.","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas"},{"issue":"10","key":"21236_CR42","first-page":"563","volume":"25","author":"M Hermanns","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hermanns M. The invisible and visible stigmatization of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2013;25(10):563\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Nurse Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"21236_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"39","author":"R Parry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parry R, Buttelli O, Selam N, Riff J. Le regard des autres\u2019: the experience of walking in social environments as a person with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Psychol Health. 2022;39(2):1\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"21236_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah R, Read J, Davies N, Nimmons D, Pigott J, Schrag A, Walters K, Armstrong M. People with Parkinson\u2019s perspectives and experiences of self-management: qualitative findings from a UK study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273428"},{"issue":"2","key":"21236_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2016-0577","volume":"71","author":"R Valcarenghi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valcarenghi R, Alvarez A, Costa Santos S, Siewert J, Nunes S, Tomasi A. The daily lives of people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71(2):272\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Enferm"},{"key":"21236_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren E, Eccles F, Travers V, Simpson J. The experience of being diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Br J Neurosci Nurs. 2016;12(6).","DOI":"10.12968\/bjnn.2016.12.6.288"},{"issue":"4","key":"21236_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000168","volume":"4","author":"H Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma H, Gunnery S, Stevenson M, Saint-Hilaire M, Thomas C, Tickle-Degnen L. Experienced facial masking indirectly compromises quality of life through stigmatization of women and men with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Stigma Health. 2019;4(4):462\u201372.","journal-title":"Stigma Health"},{"key":"21236_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.09.028","volume":"60","author":"R Salazar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salazar R, Weizanbaum E, Ellis T, Earhart G, Ford M, Dibble L, Cronin-Golomb A. Predictors of Self-Stigma in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;60:76\u201380.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"21236_CR49","unstructured":"Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews. https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/media\/lancaster-university\/content-assets\/documents\/fhm\/dhr\/chir\/NSsynthesisguidanceVersion1-April2006.pdf."},{"issue":"4","key":"21236_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/01.XEB.0000511348.97198.8c","volume":"14","author":"K Lisy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lisy K, Porritt K. Narrative synthesis: considerations and challenges. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2016;14(4):201.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"21236_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis: a practical guide. Sage; 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2"},{"key":"21236_CR52","unstructured":"Mixed methods systematic reviews (2020). Chapter-8: JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI https:\/\/jbi-global-wiki.refined.site\/space\/MANUAL\/355829259\/8.3+The+JBI+approach+to+mixed+method+systematic+reviews"},{"key":"21236_CR53","unstructured":"Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects\/; 1964."},{"key":"21236_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.5.353","volume":"26","author":"C Jenkinson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Peto V, Greenhall R, Hyman N. The Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39): development and validation of a Parkinson\u2019s disease Summary Index score. Age Aging. 1997;26:353\u20137.","journal-title":"Age Aging"},{"key":"21236_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Bossche P, Schoenmakers B. The impact of dementia\u2019s affiliate stigma on the mental health of relatives: a cross section survey. Front Psychol. 2022;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.789105"},{"issue":"6","key":"21236_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/0253717620964932","volume":"42","author":"F Adiukwu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adiukwu F, Bytyci D, Hayek S. Al E: Global Perspective and ways to combat Stigma Associated with COVID-19. Indian J Psychol Med. 2020;42(6):569\u201374.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"21236_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4052-y","volume":"17","author":"M Kahissay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kahissay M, Fenta T, Boon H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:124.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"21236_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.6.3593","volume":"14","author":"S Merriam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merriam S, Muhamad M. The multiple roles of traditional healers in cancer treatment in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(6):3593\u2013601.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"21236_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adebsi A, Salawu M. Misconception of dementia-related disorders in Sub-saharan Africa. Front Neurol. 2023;14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1148076"},{"issue":"5","key":"21236_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2019-056","volume":"21","author":"L Spencer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spencer L, Silverman A, Cook J. Adapting to multiple sclerosis stigma across the Life Span. Int J MS Care. 2019;21(5):227\u201334.","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"key":"21236_CR61","unstructured":"Kalantari S, Karbakhsh M, Kamiab Z, Kalantari Z, Sahraian M. Perceived Social Stigma in patients with multiple sclerosis: a study from Iran. Acta Neurol Taiwancia. 2018;27(1)."},{"key":"21236_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winston-Khan S, Healy B, Kehoe S, Zurawski J, Singhal T, Glanz B. Stigma in multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of current concepts, measures, and findings. Int J MS Care. 2024;26(3).","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2023-047"},{"key":"21236_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim S, Werner P, Richardson A, Anstey K. Dementia stigma reduction (DESeRvE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of an online intervention program to reduce dementia-related public stigma. Contemp Clin Trails Commun. 2019;14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2019.100351"},{"key":"21236_CR64","unstructured":"Castillo S, Santa-Cruz-Espinoza H. Stigma and mental health in patients with a cancer diagnosis. Enfermeria Global. 2023;73."},{"key":"21236_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassi L, Caruso R, Riba M, Lloyd-Williams M, Rodin G, McFarland D. Anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice guidelines. ESMO Open. 2023;8(2).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.101155"},{"issue":"5","key":"21236_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_283_20","volume":"23","author":"S Ovallath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ovallath S. Caregiver Burnout in Parkinson\u2019s: time to address. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2020;23(5):586.","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"21236_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9452","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159452","volume":"19","author":"B Vitturi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vitturi B, Rahmani A, Dini G, Montecucco A, Debarbieri N, Bandiera P. Stigma, discrimination and Disclosure of the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in the workplace: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(15):9452.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"21236_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savas S, Windsor M, Tenkorang E, Simmonds C, Stuckless T. Social stigma associated with cancer in the Newfoundland and Labrador population: an exploratory study. J Psychosocial Oncol Res Pract. 2023;5(2).","DOI":"10.1097\/OR9.0000000000000100"},{"key":"21236_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S243990","volume":"11","author":"P Jagota","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jagota P, Jongsuntisuk P, Plengsri R, Chokpatcharavate M, Phokaewvarangkul O. If your patients were too embarrassed to go out in Public, what would you do? \u2013 Public Education to Break the Stigma on Parkinson\u2019s Disease using Integrated Media. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2020;11:143\u20138.","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas"},{"key":"21236_CR70","unstructured":"Parkinson\u2019s Europe. Campaigners condemn BBC\u2019s \u2018inaccurate\u2019 portrayal of Parkinson\u2019s. https:\/\/parkinsonseurope.org\/2016\/09\/08\/campaigners-condemn-bbc-one-of-us-inaccurate-portrayal-parkinsons\/."},{"key":"21236_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Low L, Purwaningrum F. Negative stereotypes, fear and social distance: a systematic review of depictions of dementia in popular culture in the context of stigma. BMC Geriatr. 2020;477.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01754-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"21236_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012221149760","volume":"22","author":"L Ritchie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ritchie L, Henderson-Bone S, Gregory A, Jenkins N. Dementia education in a primary school classroom: a pedagogical perspective. Dementia. 2023;22(3):477\u201392.","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"issue":"5","key":"21236_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217002022","volume":"30","author":"JR Baker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baker JR, JYH, Goodenough B, Low LF, Bryden C, Hutchinson K, Richards L. What do children need to know about dementia? The perspectives of children and people with personal experience of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018;30(5):673\u201384.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"21236_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301217731385","volume":"18","author":"J Baker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baker J, Goodenough B, Jeon Y, Bryden C, Hutchinson K, Low L. The Kids4Dementia education program is effective in improving children\u2019s attitudes towards dementia. Dementia. 2019;18(5):1777\u201389.","journal-title":"Dementia"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21236-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21236-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21236-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T10:03:24Z","timestamp":1735898604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21236-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["21236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21236-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25"}}