{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1787020294791,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"UK Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ES\/W009331\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/W009331\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21267-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T10:49:03Z","timestamp":1736419743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnosis, treatment, and management of Mpox in urban Informal Settlements in Southwestern Nigeria: an ethnographic approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Olufunke","family":"Adegoke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Schmidt-Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kunnuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akanni","family":"Lawanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodele","family":"Jegede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"MacGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"21267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102473","volume":"50","author":"RA Farahat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farahat RA, Khan SH, Memish ZA. Availability of monkeypox vaccinations for low and middle-income countries: challenges and recommendations. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022;50:102473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102473. Nov-Dec.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"21267_CR2","unstructured":"Meo SA, Klonoff DC. Human monkeypox outbreak: global prevalence and biologicpidemiological and clinical characteristics-observational analysis between 1970\u20132022. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022; 26(15)."},{"key":"21267_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102425","volume":"49","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang Z, Sun J, Zhang L, Yan S, Li D, Zhang C, Lai A, Su S. Laboratory diagnostics for monkeypox: an overview of sensitivities from various published tests. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022;49:102425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102425.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"21267_CR4","first-page":"104973232412344","volume":"10","author":"AK Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith AK, Storer D, Lancaster K, Haire B, Newman CE, Paparini S, MacGibbon J, Cornelisse VJ, Broady TR, Lockwood T, McNulty A. Mpox illness narratives: Stigmatising Care and Recovery during and after an emergency outbreak. Qual Health Res. 2024;10:1049732324123448210497323241234482.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"21267_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.12513","volume":"328","author":"JB Nuzzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nuzzo JB, Borio LL, Gostin LO. The WHO declaration of monkeypox as a global public health emergency. JAMA. 2022;328(7):615\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"21267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751\/2022.2095309","volume":"11","author":"Y Xiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiang Y, White A. Monkeypox virus emerges from the shadow of its more infamous cousin: family biology matters. Emerg Microb Infect. 2022;11(1):1768\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751\/2022.2095309.","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect"},{"key":"21267_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7220a2","volume":"72","author":"JH McQuiston","year":"2023","unstructured":"McQuiston JH, Braden CR, Bowen MD. The CDC Domestic Mpox Response- United States, 2022\u20132023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:547\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7220a2.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"21267_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214229","volume":"14","author":"D Ogoina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ogoina D, Izibewule JH, Ogunleye A, Ederiane E, Anebonam U, Neni A, Oyeyemi A, Etebu EN, Ihekweazu C. The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria-Report of outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0214229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0214229. PMID: 30995249; PMCID: PMC6469755.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"21267_CR9","unstructured":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Monkeypox monthly situational report, December 2019. [cited 2020 Oct 1]. 2021.https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/themes\/common\/files\/sitreps\/5a1a9820f21136842ba43f186b8d09e7.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"21267_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.203569","volume":"27","author":"PY Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen PY, Ajisegiri WS, Costantino V, Chughtai AA, MacIntyre CR. Reemergence of human monkeypox and declining Population Immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017\u20132020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(4):1007\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2704.203569. PMID: 33756100; PMCID: PMC8007331.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"21267_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beer EM, Rao VB. Systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13(10), e0007791.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007791"},{"issue":"8","key":"21267_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","volume":"19","author":"A Yinka-Ogunleye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, Ogoina D, McCollum A, Disu Y, Mamadu I, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Burga J, Ndoreraho A. Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017\u201318: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(8):872\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"21267_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023044","DOI":"10.29392\/001c.82032","volume":"7","author":"SC Okoroafor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okoroafor SC, Nwachukuwu C, Asamani JA, Ahmat A, Osubor M. Understanding the factors influencing health worker\u2019s choice of workplace locations: a qualitative description of primary healthcare worker\u2019s perspectives in Nigeria. J Global Health Rep. 2023;7:e2023044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29392\/001c.82032.","journal-title":"J Global Health Rep"},{"key":"21267_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corburn J, Sverdlik A. Informal settlements and human health. Integrating Hum Health into Urban Transp Plann. 2019;155\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-74983-9_9.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74983-9_9"},{"issue":"1","key":"21267_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247811398604","volume":"23","author":"A Sverdlik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sverdlik A. Ill-health and poverty: a literature review on health in informal settlements. Environ Urbanization. 2011;23(1):123\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956247811398604.","journal-title":"Environ Urbanization"},{"issue":"1","key":"21267_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3329\/seajph.v3i1.17709","volume":"3","author":"O Akinwale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akinwale O, Adeneye A, Musa A, Oyedeji K, Sulyman M, Oyefara J, Adejoh P, Adeneye A. Living conditions and public health status in three urban slums of Lagos, Nigeria. SouthEast Asia J Public Health. 2014;3(1):36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/seajph.v3i1.17709.","journal-title":"SouthEast Asia J Public Health"},{"key":"21267_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dasvarma GL, Fayehun O, Ajisola M, Uthman O, Oyebode O, Oladejo A, Owoaje E, Taiwo O, Odubanjo O, Harris B, Lilford R, Omigbodun A. A contextual exploration of healthcare service use in urban slums in Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264725. Article 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264725"},{"issue":"2","key":"21267_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0264725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264725","volume":"17","author":"O Fayehun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fayehun O, Ajisola M, Uthman O, Oyebode O, Oladejo A, Owoaje E, Taiwo O, Odubanjo O, Harris B, Lilford R, Omigbodun A. A contextual exploration of healthcare service use in urban slums in Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(2):e0264725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264725.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"21267_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aregbeshola BS, Onigbogi OO, Khan SM. Challenges and opportunities to access health care in urban slums of Lagos-State in Nigeria. Pakistan J Public Health 2017; 7(1).","DOI":"10.32413\/pjph.v7i1.19"},{"key":"21267_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.103591","volume":"123","author":"R Sekhani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sekhani R, Mohan D, Mistry J, Singh A, Mittal V. Examining the informality in urban informal settlements\u2013evidence from Kapashera. Cities. 2022;123:103591.","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"21267_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orkpeh AK, Adedire FM. African urban peripheries and informal development: a review of challenges and sustainable approaches to inclusive cities. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian J Geogr. 2024;1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00291951.2024.2325446.","DOI":"10.1080\/00291951.2024.2325446"},{"issue":"80","key":"21267_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104197","volume":"1","author":"O Uwishema","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uwishema O, Adekunbi O, Pe\u00f1amante CA, Bekele BK, Khoury C, Mhanna M, Nicholas A, Adanur I, Dost B, Onyeaka H. The burden of monkeypox virus amidst the Covid-19 pandemic in Africa: a double battle for Africa. Annals Med Surg. 2022;1(80):104197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104197. ISSN 2049\u2009\u2013\u20090801.","journal-title":"Annals Med Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"21267_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020229","volume":"11","author":"M Louis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Louis M, Riad A. Monkeypox (MPOX)-Related knowledge and vaccination hesitancy in Non-endemic countries: Concise Literature Review. Vaccines. 2023;11(2):229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11020229. PMID: 36851107; PMCID: PMC9958664.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"8","key":"21267_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28060","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28060","volume":"14","author":"NZ Alshahrani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alshahrani NZ, Mitra S, Alkuwaiti AA, Alhumam MN, Altmimi SM, Alamri MH, Albalawi ZA, Almorgi MW, Alharbi HK, Alshahrani SM. Medical students\u2019 perception regarding the re-emerging Monkeypox Virus: an Institution-based cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e28060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.28060. PMID: 36127980; PMCID: PMC9477600.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"21267_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0283571","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283571","volume":"18","author":"OJ Awoyomi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awoyomi OJ, Njoga EO, Jaja IF, Oyeleye FA, Awoyomi PO, Ibrahim MA, Saulawa MA, Galadima HB, Rowaiye AB, Olasoju TI, Idrisa JA, Olalere FD, Olasoju MI, Adisa OH, Adetunji VE, Idemudia OO, Ezenduka EV, Oguttu JW. Mpox in Nigeria: perceptions and knowledge of the disease among critical stakeholders-global public health consequences. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(3):e0283571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283571. PMID: 36996122; PMCID: PMC10062623.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"21267_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Mustapha AI, Ogundijo OA, Sikiru NA, et al. A cross-sectional survey of public knowledge of the monkeypox disease in Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(591). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15398-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15398-0"},{"issue":"11","key":"21267_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000938","volume":"18","author":"JR Rohr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rohr JR, Cohen JM. Understanding how temperature shifts could impact infectious disease. PLoS Biol. 2020;18(11):e3000938.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"21267_CR28","first-page":"291","volume":"29","author":"OA Oyeshile","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oyeshile OA. Communal values, cultural identity and the challenge of development in contemporary Africa. J Social Political Economic Stud. 2004;29:291\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Social Political Economic Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"21267_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2021.102094","volume":"2","author":"T Iqbal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iqbal T, Altaf S, Fatima M. Plant-based approaches used for the treatment of Monkeypox Disease. Biol Times. 2021;2(6):12\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eujim.2021.102094. ISSN 1876\u20133820.","journal-title":"Biol Times"},{"issue":"4","key":"21267_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121580","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1121580","volume":"13","author":"HG Rong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rong HG, Zhang XW, Han M, Sun X, Wu XD, Lai XZ, Shen C, Yu WJ, Fang H, Fei YT, Liu JP. Evidence synthesis of Chinese medicine for monkeypox: suggestions from other contagious pox-like viral diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2023;13(4):1121580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1121580.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"21267_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abubakar IB, Kankara SS, Malami I, Danjuma JB, Muhammad Y, Yahaya H, Singh D, Usman UJ, Ukwuani-Kwaja AN. Traditional medicinal plants used for treating emerging and re-emerging viral diseases in northern Nigeria. Eur J Integr Med. 2022;49:102094.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2021.102094"},{"issue":"5","key":"21267_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160940691562142","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406915621421","volume":"14","author":"M Rashid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rashid M, Caine V, Goez H. The encounters and challenges of ethnography as a methodology in health research. Int J Qualitative Methods. 2015;14(5):1609406915621421.","journal-title":"Int J Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"21267_CR33","first-page":"76","volume":"8","author":"S Rastogi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rastogi S. Ethnographic studies. Annals Ayurvedic Med. 2020;8(3):76\u201376.","journal-title":"Annals Ayurvedic Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21267-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21267-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21267-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T11:02:42Z","timestamp":1736420562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21267-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["21267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-21267-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approvals were obtained from the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC)\n                      \n                      , and the State Ministry of Health in Oyo, Ogun and Lagos States. Oyo State Ministry of Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC) NHREC\/OYOSHRIEC\/10\/11\/22; Ogun State Health Research Ethics Committee OGHREC\/467\/007 and Lagos State Primary Health Care Board Ethical Approval LS\/PHCB\/DPRS\/256\/VOL.1\/094. In addition, the Lagos State Primary Health Care Board also gave their ethical approval\n                      \n                      . Ethical principle was adhered to in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration. Also, informed consent to participate were obtained from the interlocutors","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"There is informed consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"115"}}