{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:35:22Z","timestamp":1792697722953,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22939-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1747382339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0149-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aboma","family":"Motuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina Temesgen","family":"Tolera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fekade Ketema","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0076-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dechasa","family":"Adare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8734-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roba","family":"Argaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1312-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdi","family":"Birhanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6087-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasiye","family":"Shiferaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6660-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gari","family":"Hunduma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0648-4662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiferaw","family":"Letta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1992-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shibiru","family":"Temesgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1544-7492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desalegn Admassu","family":"Ayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"22939_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.050054","volume":"86","author":"C Boschi-Pinto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(9):710\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.07.050054.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"22939_CR2","unstructured":"IGME U. Child and Adolescent Causes of Death Estimation (CA CODE) project (2023). available at https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-health\/diarrhoeal-disease\/treatment%20solution. 2023."},{"key":"22939_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. World Health Organization: Diarrhoeal disease: Accessed on January 2024. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diarrhoeal-disease. 2024."},{"issue":"38","key":"22939_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v10i2.7351","volume":"10","author":"SG Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar SG, Subitha L. Diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries: a situational analysis. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2012;10(38):83\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/kumj.v10i2.7351.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800058921","volume":"116","author":"A Burnens","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burnens A, Frey A, Nicolet J. Association between clinical presentation, biogroups and virulence attributes of Yersinia enterocolitica strains in human diarrhoeal disease. Epidemiol Infect. 1996;116(1):27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800058921.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"22939_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24895","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.24895","volume":"7","author":"K Diouf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diouf K, Tabatabai P, Rudolph J, Marx M. Diarrhoea prevalence in children under five years of age in rural Burundi: an assessment of social and behavioural factors at the household level. Glob Health Action. 2014;7:24895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/gha.v7.24895.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1098-7","volume":"18","author":"KF Asfaha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asfaha KF, Tesfamichael FA, Fisseha GK, Misgina KH, Weldu MG, Welehaweria NB, Gebregiorgis YS. Determinants of childhood diarrhea in Medebay Zana district, Northwest Tigray, Ethiopia: a community based unmatched case-control study. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-018-1098-7.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"22939_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, et al. PRISMA: BMJ. 2021;10\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"6","key":"22939_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2020-209567","volume":"37","author":"M Amir-Behghadami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amir-Behghadami M, Janati A, Population PICOS. Intervention, comparison, outcomes and study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews. Emerg Med J. 2020;37(6):387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emermed-2020-209567.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"22939_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.01.008","volume":"68","author":"K Thaler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thaler K, Kien C, Nussbaumer B, Van Noord MG, Griebler U, Klerings I, Gartlehner G. Inadequate use and regulation of interventions against publication bias decreases their effectiveness. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(7):792\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.01.008.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"22939_CR11","unstructured":"JBI JB, Institute., Critical Appraisal Tools for Use in the JBI Systematic Reviews Checklist for Prevalence Studies in 5005, A. University of Adelaide, SA Editor. 2014: Australia.Available at. https:\/\/jbi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/Checklist_for_Prevalence_Studies.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"22939_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","volume":"13","author":"Z Munn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munn Z, et al. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and incidence data. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(3):147\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03202-8","volume":"22","author":"G Mernie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mernie G, Kloos H, Adane M. Prevalence of and factors associated with acute diarrhea among children under five in rural areas in Ethiopia:WASH. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-022-03202-8.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02668-2","volume":"21","author":"W Getahun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Getahun W, Adane M. Prevalence of acute diarrhea and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) associated factors among children under five in Woldia town. Northeastern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02668-2.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"22939_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056129","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1056129","volume":"11","author":"T Birhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Birhan T, et al. Prevalence of diarrheal disease and associated factors among under-five children. - Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1056129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1056129. 2023(\u2013\u20092296\u20132360.","journal-title":"- Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"22939_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0192","volume":"109","author":"BD Bitew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bitew BD, Getachew A, Azanaw J. Diarrhea prevalence and associated factors among children in Azezo Sub-City, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023;109(2):429\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0192.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"22939_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p6027079","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6027079","volume":"2020","author":"Y Tafere","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tafere Y, et al. Diarrheal diseases in Under-Five children and associated factors among Farta district rural community, North central Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health. 2020;2020:p6027079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/6027079.","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"22939_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessesse D, Tarekegn A. Prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five children in the Jawi district, Awi zone Ethiopia, 2019. Community based comparative cross-sectional study. Sec Child Health. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.890304.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.890304"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-016-0040-7","volume":"44","author":"W Woldu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woldu W, Bitew BD, Gizaw Z. Socioeconomic factors associated with diarrheal diseases among under-five children of the nomadic population in Northeast Ethiopia. Trop Med Health. 2016;44(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-016-0040-7.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"22939_CR20","unstructured":"Teklit A. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. available athttp:\/\/thesisbank.jhia.ac.ke\/8159\/. 2015, Addis Ababa University."},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02762-5","volume":"21","author":"T Natnael","year":"2021","unstructured":"Natnael T, Lingerew M, Adane M. Prevalence of acute diarrhea and associated factors among children under five in semi-urban areas of Northeastern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02762-5.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"22939_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gedefaw M et al. Current status and predictors of diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in a rapidly growing urban setting, northwest Ethiopia. Open Journal of Epidemiology., 2015. 05(02): p. 89.https:\/\/doi.org\/http\/\/org.10.4236\/ojepi.2015.52012.","DOI":"10.4236\/ojepi.2015.52012"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4905-3","volume":"20","author":"S Shine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shine S, Muhamud S, Adanew S, Demelash A, Abate, Makda. Prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five children in Debre Berhan town. Ethiopia BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-4905-3.","journal-title":"Ethiopia BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"22939_CR24","unstructured":"Alelign T, Asegidew W, Abera A. A Cross Sectional Study on the Incidence and Risk Factors of Diarrheal Illness among Children Under-five Years of Age in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia. J of Health & Medical 2016. 2(2): pp. 01\u201312. Available at. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:54608958"},{"key":"22939_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delelegn M, Endalamaw A, Belay G. Determinants of Acute Diarrhea Among <\u20095 Children in Northeast Ethiopia: Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 2020. 11(null): pp. 323\u2013333.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PHMT.S256309.","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S256309"},{"key":"22939_CR26","unstructured":"Gedamu G, Kumie A. and H. D:, Magnitude and Associated Factors of Diarrhea among Under Five Children in Farta Wereda, North West Ethiopia. Quality in Primary Care 2017. 25(4): pp. 199\u2013207. Available at. https:\/\/www.magnitude-and-associated-factors-of-diarrhea-100430.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"22939_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v22i4.71","volume":"22","author":"ET Solomon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solomon ET, Gari SR, Alemu BM. Prevalence and risk factors of diarrhea among children less than five years of age in the rural suburbs of dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia; robust Poisson regression analysis. Afr Health Sci. 2022;22(4):653\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ahs.v22i4.71.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09169-4","volume":"24","author":"Z Getachew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Getachew Z, et al. Diarrheal disease and associated factors among children aged 6 to 59 months in Oda bultum district, Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09169-4.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0934-5","volume":"17","author":"H Bizuneh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bizuneh H, et al. Factors associated with diarrheal morbidity among under-five children in Jigjiga town, Somali regional State, Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-017-0934-5.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"22939_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashi A, Kumie A. and G. J:, Prevalence of Diarrhoea and Associated Factors among Under-Five Children in Jigjiga District, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016. 6(10): pp. 233\u2013246.https:\/\/doi.org\/http\/\/org.10.4236\/ojpm.2016.610022.","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpm.2016.610022"},{"key":"22939_CR31","unstructured":"Nagga B, Dejene K, Tadesse A. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diarrhea Morbidity AmongUnder Five Children in Rural Kebeles Of Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. Harmaya University: Available at: http:\/\/ir.haramaya.edu.et\/hru\/.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0412-6","volume":"43","author":"BD Bitew","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bitew BD, Woldu W, Gizaw Z. Childhood diarrheal morbidity and sanitation predictors in a nomadic community. Ital J Pediatr. 2017;43(1):91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-017-0412-6.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"22939_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-017-0115-z","volume":"12","author":"Z Gizaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gizaw Z, Woldu W, Bitew BD. Child feeding practices and diarrheal disease among children less than two years of age of the nomadic people in Hadaleala district, Northeast Ethiopia. Int Breastfeed J. 2017;12:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-017-0115-z.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"22939_CR34","unstructured":"Ali AU. Determinants of Diarrhea Among Under five Children In Fedis District, East Hararge Zone. 2020. Available at. http:\/\/localhost:8080\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/4315"},{"key":"22939_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p2688500","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2688500","volume":"2021","author":"B Hailu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hailu B, Ji-Guo W, Hailu T. Water, sanitation, and hygiene risk factors on the prevalence of diarrhea among Under-Five children in the rural community of Dangila district, Northwest Ethiopia. J Trop Med. 2021;2021:p2688500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/2688500.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"22939_CR36","first-page":"e2570","volume":"3","author":"E Gambura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gambura E, et al. Behavioral factors associated with Under-Five diarrhoeal morbidity in rural community of gummer woreda, gurage zone, Southern Ethiopia: community based Cross-Sectional study. Open Access Libr J. 2016;3:e2570. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4236\/oalib.1102570.","journal-title":"Open Access Libr J"},{"key":"22939_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7579-2","volume":"19","author":"B Melese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Melese B, et al. Prevalence of diarrheal diseases and associated factors among under-five children in Dale district, Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7579-2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"22939_CR38","unstructured":"Addisu: AK. The Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease in under Five Children and associated Risk Factors in Wolitta Soddo Town, Southern, Ethiopia. ABC Research Alert 2015. 3: pp. 2\u201322.Available at. https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/a9c4\/74b906e6d4295df3909f2f6d6fa94e35dc9c.pdf"},{"key":"22939_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p4237368","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4237368","volume":"2020","author":"M Alemayehu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alemayehu M, Alemu T, Astatkie A. Prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among Under-Five children in Benna Tsemay district, South Omo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Adv Public Health. 2020;2020:p4237368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/4237368.","journal-title":"Adv Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4445-x","volume":"19","author":"GY Workie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Workie GY, Akalu TY, Baraki AG. Environmental factors affecting childhood diarrheal disease among under-five children in Jamma district, South Wello zone, Northeast Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4445-x.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"22939_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S256309","volume":"11","author":"MW Delelegn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delelegn MW, Endalamaw A, Belay GM. Determinants of acute diarrhea among children Under-Five in Northeast Ethiopia: unmatched Case-Control study. Pediatr Health Med Ther. 2020;11:323\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/phmt.S256309.","journal-title":"Pediatr Health Med Ther"},{"key":"22939_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bekele D, Merdassa E, Desalegn M, Mosisa G, Turi E. Determinants of diarrhea in Under-Five children among health extension model and Non-Model families, West Ethiopia: J multidiscip healthc., 2021. 14: pp. 2803\u201315https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S324846.","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S324846"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-03022-2","volume":"21","author":"D Mosisa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mosisa D, Aboma M, Girma T, Shibru A. Determinants of diarrheal diseases among under five children in Jimma geneti district, oromia region, Ethiopia, 2020: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-03022-2.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"22939_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/23120053.2016.1156876","volume":"31","author":"AI Mohammed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohammed AI, Zungu L. Environmental health factors associated with diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in the Sebeta town of Ethiopia. South Afr J Infect Dis. 2016;31(4):122\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23120053.2016.1156876.","journal-title":"South Afr J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"22939_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v26i6.12","volume":"26","author":"W Regassa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Regassa W, Lemma S. Assessment of diarrheal disease prevalence and associated risk factors in children of 6\u201359 months old at Adama district rural Kebeles, Eastern Ethiopia, January\/2015. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2016;26(6):581\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ejhs.v26i6.12.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"22939_CR46","unstructured":"Tadesse Y. Assessment of prevalence and associated factors of diarrheal diseases among Under-Five years children living in woreda 03 residence of Yeka sub City. Addis Ababa Ethiopia. 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00566-8","volume":"79","author":"SM Fenta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fenta SM, Nigussie TZ. Factors associated with childhood diarrheal in Ethiopia; a multilevel analysis. Archi Public Health. 2021;79(1):123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-021-00566-8.","journal-title":"Archi Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"22939_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0540-7","volume":"44","author":"A Getachew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Getachew A, Tadie A, Hiwot M, Guadu T, Haile D, Cherkos T, Gizaw Z, Alemayehu M. Environmental factors of diarrhea prevalence among under five children in rural area of North, Ethiopia. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-018-0540-7.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"22939_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257522","volume":"16","author":"G Demissie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demissie G, et al. Diarrhea and associated factors among under five children in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from demographic and health surveys of 34 sub-Saharan countries. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(9):e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0257522.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"22939_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganguly E, Sharma P, Bunker C. Prevalence and risk factors of diarrhea morbidity among under-five children in. Indian J Child Health (Bhopal);2(4):152\u201360. Epub 2015 Nov 6., 2015 (\u2013\u20092349\u20136118 (Print)): p.\u2013\u2009152\u2013160. Available at https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4764679\/","DOI":"10.32677\/IJCH.2015.v02.i04.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"22939_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199684","volume":"13","author":"A Alebel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alebel A, et al. Prevalence and determinants of diarrhea among under-five children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(6):e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199684.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"22939_CR52","unstructured":"Higgins J. Heterogeneity, and 9.6. Investigating heterogeneity. In Cochrane Handbook. Syst. Rev. Interv. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. Cochrane Collab. 2011: Available at: https:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/chapter_9\/9_6_investigating_heterogeneity.htm, ed. S.e. Green. 2011."},{"issue":"2","key":"22939_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050006","volume":"12","author":"UD Parashar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parashar UD, Gibson CJ, Bresee, Joseph S, Glass. Roger IRotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(2):304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1202.050006.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"22939_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mengistie B, Berhane Y, Worku A. Incidence Od diharrea among under-five children in rural Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0077887.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077887"},{"issue":"11","key":"22939_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0","volume":"53","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Gavaghan D, Egger M. Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(11):1119\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0895-4356(00)00242-0.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22939-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22939-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22939-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T07:59:18Z","timestamp":1747382358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22939-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22939-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1815"}}