{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:01:34Z","timestamp":1774051294333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23009-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T14:02:32Z","timestamp":1761314552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Patterns and associated factors of cigarette smoking among medical students in 2020: a cross-sectional study from a North African country"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Imen","family":"Zemni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Abbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syrine","family":"Doghri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meriem","family":"Kacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Maatouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrine","family":"Bennasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wafa","family":"Dhouib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behaeddin","family":"Garrach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houcine","family":"azaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hela","family":"Abroug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manel Ben","family":"Fredj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Bouanene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fouzia","family":"Trimeche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asma Sriha","family":"Belguith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"23009_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e729","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00166-X","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2021 Tobacco Forecasting Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Tobacco Forecasting Collaborators. Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet Public Health Oct. 2024;9(10):e729\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health Oct"},{"key":"23009_CR2","unstructured":"Rapport de l\u2019enqu\u00eate national THES. -2016 - Minist\u00e8re de la sant\u00e9 publique [Internet]. [cit\u00e9 12 avr 2025]. Disponible sur: https:\/\/santetunisie.rns.tn\/fr\/toutes-les-actualites\/912-rapport-de-l%E2%80%99enqu%C3%AAte-national-thes-2016"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"23009_CR3","first-page":"S32","volume":"19","author":"F Maatouk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maatouk F, Barkallah M, May W. Smoking among dental students in Monastir, Tunisia. East mediterr health J rev Sante mediterr orient Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit. 9 Janv. 2014;19(Suppl 3):S32\u201337.","journal-title":"9 Janv"},{"key":"23009_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"emhj. World Health Organization - Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. [cit\u00e9 12 avr 2025]. Pr\u00e9valence et facteurs associ\u00e9s au tabagisme parmi les \u00e9tudiants de la ville de Sousse (Tunisie). Disponible sur: http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/emhj-volume-22-2016\/volume-22-issue-1\/prevalence-et-facteurs-associes-au-tabagisme-parmi-les-etudiants-de-la-ville-de-sousse-tunisie.html","DOI":"10.26719\/2016.22.1.40"},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"23009_CR5","first-page":"557","volume":"96","author":"H Nouira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nouira H, Ben Abdelaziz A, Rouis S, Mili M, Safer M, Ben Saad H, et al. Smoking behavior among students of health sciences at the university of Monastir (Tunisia). Tunis Med. 2018;96(10\u201311):557\u201370.","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"23009_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira ES, Silva AFR da, Silva KCB da, Moura TVC. Ara\u00fajo AL de, Silva ARV da. Stress and health risk behaviors among university students. Rev Bras Enferm. 2020;73(1):e20180035.","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2018-0035"},{"issue":"2","key":"23009_CR7","first-page":"533","volume":"39","author":"J Najem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Najem J, Saber M, Aoun C, El Osta N, Papazian T, Rabbaa Khabbaz L. Prevalence of food addiction and association with stress, sleep quality and chronotype: A cross-sectional survey among university students. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl F\u00e9vr. 2020;39(2):533\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl F\u00e9vr"},{"issue":"2","key":"23009_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1520-1","volume":"44","author":"E Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva E, Aguiar J, Reis LP, S\u00e1 JOE, Gon\u00e7alves J, Carvalho V. Stress among Portuguese medical students: the eustress solution. J Med Syst 2 Janv. 2020;44(2):45.","journal-title":"J Med Syst 2 Janv"},{"issue":"1","key":"23009_CR9","first-page":"162","volume":"70","author":"S Tariq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tariq S, Tariq S, Tariq S, Jawed S. Perceived stress, severity and sources of stress among female medical students in a private medical college in Pakistan. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc Janv. 2020;70(1):162\u20137.","journal-title":"JPMA J Pak Med Assoc Janv"},{"issue":"2","key":"23009_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1657871","volume":"69","author":"R Calderon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calderon R, Pupanead S, Prachakul W, Kim G. Happiness, perceived stress, psychological well-being, and health behaviors of Thai university students: preliminary results from a multinational study on well-being. J Am Coll Health J ACH. 2021;69(2):176\u201384.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health J ACH"},{"key":"23009_CR11","unstructured":"Review of the Role of General Practitioners in. Tobacco Control| SpringerLink [Internet]. [cit\u00e9 12 avr 2025]. Disponible sur: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-1907-2_96."},{"issue":"1","key":"23009_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12120","volume":"71","author":"BW Chaffee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaffee BW, Couch ET, Ryder MI. The tobacco-using periodontal patient: role of the dental practitioner in tobacco cessation and periodontal disease management. Periodontol 2000 Juin. 2016;71(1):52\u201364.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000 Juin"},{"issue":"4","key":"23009_CR13","first-page":"25","volume":"10","author":"RA Aucoin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Aucoin RA. Smoking behavior and the efficacy of nurses as role models. Health Values. 1986;10(4):25\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Values"},{"key":"23009_CR14","unstructured":"Babaoglu U, Simsek \u015e, Ozdenk S, Demir G, Cevizci S. Prevalence of smoking and risk factors among students at a university in Turkey. J Clin Anal Med [Internet]. 2017 [cit\u00e9 12 avr 2025];8(1). Disponible sur: https:\/\/avesis.akdeniz.edu.tr\/yayin\/e5af11ef-7928-4d4e-8d3d-ed1a7acb212b\/prevalence-of-smoking-and-risk-factors-among-students-at-a-university-in-turkey"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"23009_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(78)90024-2","volume":"3","author":"KO Fagerstr\u00f6m","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fagerstr\u00f6m KO. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict Behav. 1978;3(3\u20134):235\u201341.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"23009_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","volume":"86","author":"TF Heatherton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstr\u00f6m KO. The Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict Sept. 1991;86(9):1119\u201327.","journal-title":"Br J Addict Sept"},{"key":"23009_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karila L, Legleye S, Beck F, Corruble E, Falissard B, Reynaud M. [Validation of a questionnaire to screen for harmful use of alcohol and cannabis in the general population: CRAFFT-ADOSPA]. Presse Medicale Paris Fr 1983. avr 2007;36(4 Pt 1):582\u201390.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2007.01.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"23009_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.6.607","volume":"156","author":"JR Knight","year":"2002","unstructured":"Knight JR, Sherritt L, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G. Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Juin. 2002;156(6):607\u201314.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Juin"},{"key":"23009_CR19","unstructured":"(PDF) Validation of the CAST, a general population Cannabis Abuse Screening Test [Internet]. [cit\u00e9 12 avr 2025]. Disponible sur: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/232073693_Validation_of_the_CAST_a_general_population_Cannabis_Abuse_Screening_Test"},{"key":"23009_CR20","unstructured":"ARVERS P. BARRET L. Validation clinique d\u2019un questionnaire d\u2019abus-d\u00e9pendance au cannabis: Le Cast [Internet]. Saarbr\u00fccken: Presses Acad\u00e9miques Francophones (PAF); 2012. 46 p. Disponible sur: https:\/\/www.morebooks.de\/store\/fr\/book\/validation-clinique-d-un-questionnaire-d-abus-d%C3%A9pendance-au-cannabis\/isbn\/978-3-8381-7478-5"},{"issue":"6","key":"23009_CR21","first-page":"653","volume":"11","author":"KE Siomos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siomos KE, Dafouli ED, Braimiotis DA, Mouzas OD, Angelopoulos NV. Internet addiction among Greek adolescent students. Cyberpsychology Behav Impact Internet Multimed Virtual Real Behav Soc D\u00e9c. 2008;11(6):653\u20137.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav Impact Internet Multimed Virtual Real Behav Soc D\u00e9c"},{"issue":"3","key":"23009_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2004.00398.x","volume":"45","author":"A Johansson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johansson A, G\u00f6testam KG. Internet addiction: characteristics of a questionnaire and prevalence in Norwegian youth (12\u201318 years). Scand J Psychol Juill. 2004;45(3):223\u20139.","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol Juill"},{"issue":"12","key":"23009_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083558","volume":"8","author":"M Kwon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS ONE 31 D\u00e9c. 2013;8(12):e83558.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE 31 D\u00e9c"},{"issue":"3","key":"23009_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00668-y","volume":"21","author":"E Verseilli\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verseilli\u00e9 E, Laconi S, Castro-Calvo J, Chabrol H. Psychometric evaluation of the Bergen Facebook addiction scale: One- or Two-Factor solution?? Int J Ment Health Addict 1 Juin. 2023;21(3):1405\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict 1 Juin"},{"issue":"2","key":"23009_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-018-0018-2","volume":"17","author":"GF da Veiga","year":"2019","unstructured":"da Veiga GF, Sotero L, Pontes HM, Cunha D, Portugal A, Relvas AP. Emerging adults and Facebook use: the validation of the Bergen Facebook addiction scale (BFAS). Int J Ment Health Addict 1 Avr. 2019;17(2):279\u201394.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict 1 Avr"},{"issue":"12","key":"23009_CR26","first-page":"1601","volume":"97","author":"RA Tejeiro Salguero","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tejeiro Salguero RA, Mor\u00e1n RMB. Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents. Addict Abingdon Engl D\u00e9c. 2002;97(12):1601\u20136.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl D\u00e9c"},{"key":"23009_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bioulac S, Arfi L, Michel G, Bouvard MP. sept. Int\u00e9r\u00eat de l\u2019utilisation du questionnaire des probl\u00e8mes associ\u00e9s aux jeux vid\u00e9o de Tejeiro (Problem video game playing: PVP) \u00e9tude exploratoire Chez des enfants pr\u00e9sentant Un TDA\/H. Ann M\u00e9d-Psychol rev psychiatr. 2010;168(8):632.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amp.2010.07.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"23009_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2012.08.004","volume":"6","author":"EH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee EH. Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nurs Res D\u00e9c. 2012;6(4):121\u20137.","journal-title":"Asian Nurs Res D\u00e9c"},{"issue":"4","key":"23009_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3917\/spub.094.0365","volume":"21","author":"L Bellinghausen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bellinghausen L, Collange J, Botella M, Emery JL, Albert \u00c9. Validation factorielle de L\u2019\u00e9chelle Fran\u00e7aise de stress Per\u00e7u En milieu professionnel. Sant\u00e9 Publique 1 Oct. 2009;21(4):365\u201373.","journal-title":"Sant\u00e9 Publique 1 Oct"},{"key":"23009_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","volume":"39","author":"F Plummer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D. Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;39:24\u201331.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"23009_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.02.015","volume":"57","author":"JA Micoulaud-Franchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Lagarde S, Barkate G, Dufournet B, Besancon C, Tr\u00e9buchon-Da Fonseca A, et al. Rapid detection of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in epilepsy: validation of the GAD-7 as a complementary tool to the NDDI-E in a French sample. Epilepsy Behav EB Avr. 2016;57(Pt A):211\u20136.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav EB Avr"},{"issue":"9","key":"23009_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med Sept. 2001;16(9):606\u201313.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med Sept"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"23009_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1348\/147608306X103641","volume":"80","author":"Y Carballeira","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carballeira Y, Dumont P, Borgacci S, Rentsch D, de Tonnac N, Archinard M, et al. Criterion validity of the French version of patient health questionnaire (PHQ) in a hospital department of internal medicine. Psychol Psychother Mars. 2007;80(Pt 1):69\u201377.","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother Mars"},{"issue":"4","key":"23009_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","volume":"2","author":"CH Bastien","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bastien CH, Valli\u00e8res A, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med Juill. 2001;2(4):297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Juill"},{"key":"23009_CR35","unstructured":"Validation d\u2019une. version r\u00e9duite de l\u2019\u00c9chelle de provisions sociales au moyen de donn\u00e9es d\u2019enqu\u00eates nationales canadiennes| Request PDF. ResearchGate [Internet]. 8 f\u00e9vr 2025 [cit\u00e9 12 avr 2025]; Disponible sur: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/337852380_Validation_d\u2019une_version_reduite_de_l\u2019Echelle_de_provisions_sociales_au_moyen_de_donnees_d\u2019enquetes_nationales_canadiennes"},{"issue":"7","key":"23009_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539518800339","volume":"30","author":"L Niu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niu L, Liu Y, Luo D, Xiao S. Current smoking behavior among medical students in Mainland China: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Asia Pac J Public Health Oct. 2018;30(7):610\u201323.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health Oct"},{"issue":"5","key":"23009_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmr.2013.01.011","volume":"30","author":"N Zaghba","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zaghba N, Yassine N, Sghier Z, Hayat L, Elfadi K, Rahibi I, et al. Comportement des \u00e9tudiants En m\u00e9decine de Casablanca vis-\u00e0-vis du Tabac En 2010. Rev Mal Respir 1 Mai. 2013;30(5):367\u201373.","journal-title":"Rev Mal Respir 1 Mai"},{"issue":"31","key":"23009_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9443-1","volume":"25","author":"IA Kabbash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kabbash IA, Sarsik SM, Kabbash MI, Hagar AAR, Othman NM, Ismail MF, et al. Perception and practices of tobacco smoking among medical students in the nile delta, Egypt. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Nov. 2018;25(31):30839\u201346.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Nov"},{"issue":"1","key":"23009_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-1683.78631","volume":"18","author":"AF Al-Kaabba","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Kaabba AF, Saeed AA, Abdalla AM, Hassan HA, Mustafa AA. Prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking among medical students at King Fahad medical City in Riyadh of Saudi Arabia. J Fam Community Med. 2011;18(1):8\u201312.","journal-title":"J Fam Community Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"23009_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a5615","volume":"27","author":"M Miri-Moghaddam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miri-Moghaddam M, Shahrakipour M, Nasseri S, Miri-Moghaddam E. Higher prevalence of water pipe compared to cigarette smoking among medical students in Southeast Iran. Cent Eur J Public Health Sept. 2019;27(3):188\u201394.","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Public Health Sept"},{"issue":"4","key":"23009_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v9i4.6335","volume":"9","author":"SG Kumar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kumar SG, Subba SH, Unnikrishnan B, Jain A, Badiger S. Prevalence and factors associated with current smoking among medical students in coastal South India. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2011;9(4):233\u20137.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"23009_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/030089161309900103","volume":"99","author":"R Saulle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saulle R, Bontempi C, Baldo V, Boccia G, Bonaccorsi G, Brusaferro S, et al. GHPSS multicenter Italian survey: smoking prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, and tobacco cessation training among third-year medical students. Tumori. 2013;99(1):17\u201322.","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"issue":"5","key":"23009_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3890-0","volume":"32","author":"MV Salgado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salgado MV, Mej\u00eda RM, Kaplan CP, P\u00e9rez-Stable EJ. Smoking-Related attitudes and knowledge among medical students and recent graduates in Argentina: A Cross-Sectional study. J Gen Intern Med Mai. 2017;32(5):549\u201355.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med Mai"},{"key":"23009_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stramari LM, Kurtz M, Silva LCC. da. Prevalence of and variables related to smoking among medical students at a university in the city of Passo Fundo, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol Publicacao Of Soc Bras Pneumol E Tisilogia. mai 2009;35(5):442\u20138.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132009000500009"},{"issue":"5","key":"23009_CR45","first-page":"509","volume":"61","author":"A Karamat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karamat A, Arif N, Malik AK, Chaudhry A, Cheema MA, Rauf A. Cigarette smoking and medical students at King Edward medical university, Lahore (Pakistan). JPMA J Pak Med Assoc Mai. 2011;61(5):509\u201312.","journal-title":"JPMA J Pak Med Assoc Mai"},{"key":"23009_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian J, Du M, Liu Z, Fan Y, Eshita Y, Sun J. Prevalence of and factors associated with daily smoking among Inner Mongolia medical students in China: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 16 mai. 2012;7(1):20.","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-7-20"},{"issue":"3","key":"23009_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2001.0994","volume":"34","author":"Y Vakeflliu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vakeflliu Y, Argjiri D, Peposhi I, Agron S, Melani AS. Tobacco smoking habits, beliefs, and attitudes among medical students in Tirana, Albania. Prev Med Mars. 2002;34(3):370\u20133.","journal-title":"Prev Med Mars"},{"key":"23009_CR48","unstructured":"Khan FM, Husain SJ, Laeeq A, Awais A, Hussain SF, Khan JA. Smoking prevalence, knowledge and attitudes among medical students in Karachi, Pakistan. East mediterr health J Rev Sante Mediterr Orient Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit. 2005;11(5\u20136):952\u20138."},{"issue":"6","key":"23009_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr211","volume":"14","author":"F Senkubuge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Senkubuge F, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Louwagie GMC, Okuyemi KS. Water pipe and smokeless tobacco use among medical students in South Africa. Nicotine Tob Res Off J Soc Res Nicotine Tob Juin. 2012;14(6):755\u201360.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res Off J Soc Res Nicotine Tob Juin"},{"key":"23009_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balogh E, Faubl N, Riemenschneider H, Bal\u00e1zs P, Bergmann A, Cseh K et al. Cigarette, waterpipe and e-cigarette use among an international sample of medical students. Cross-sectional multicenter study in Germany and Hungary. BMC Public Health. 3 mai. 2018;18(1):591.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5494-6"},{"key":"23009_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizher IY, Fawaqa SI, Sweileh WM. Prevalence and personal attitudes towards tobacco smoking among Palestinian healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional study. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 27 juill. 2018;13(1):17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-018-0119-z"},{"key":"23009_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.18332\/tpc\/122444","volume":"6","author":"SA Alotaibi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alotaibi SA, Durgampudi PK. Factors associated with tobacco smoking among Saudi college students: A systematic review. Tob Prev Cessat. 2020;6:36.","journal-title":"Tob Prev Cessat"},{"issue":"4","key":"23009_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20090127","volume":"20","author":"T Tamaki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tamaki T, Kaneita Y, Ohida T, Yokoyama E, Osaki Y, Kanda H, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with smoking among Japanese medical students. J Epidemiol. 2010;20(4):339\u201345.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"23009_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chulasai P, Chinwong S, Vientong P, Hall JJ, Chinwong D. Electronic Cigarette Use and Other Factors Associated with Cigarette Smoking among Thai Undergraduate Students. Healthc Basel Switz. 26 janv. 2022;10(2):240.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020240"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23009-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23009-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23009-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T14:02:37Z","timestamp":1761314557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23009-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23009-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the faculty of medicine of Monastir with informed consent provided by all enrolled participants. All study methods were performed in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3599"}}