{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:32:03Z","timestamp":1793046723550,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110012-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110012-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110012-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110012-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110012-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110012-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110012-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110012-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110012-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110012-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110012-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110012-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110012-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110012-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110012-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110012-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector has become an important employer in mineral rich countries of sub Saharan Africa where women constitute up to half of the labour force. However, gender and socio-economic marginalization negatively impact the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) of the adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) who work in the ASM sector. Despite the growing literature on adolescents\u2019 SRH, there is a paucity of literature on the SRH of this last mile population. This paper fills this gap in the literature by examining the prevalence and determinants of self reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) status among AGYW in the ASM gold mining sectors of Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The paper is based on 636 AGYW working in the mining sectors in Uganda who had ever had sex. Descriptive analysis involved frequency distributions and chi squared tests. Multivariable analysis involved fitting a binary logistic regression model to assess the determinants of self reported STI status of the AGYW.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Almost half (47%) of the respondents had a self reported STI during the 12\u00a0months preceding the study. The odds of reporting an STI were higher among adult young women compared with minors (AOR\u2009=\u20093.35; 95% CI 1.82 \u2013 6.16); AGYW with primary level of education compared to those with none (AOR\u2009=\u20092.89; 95% CI 1.24 \u2013 6.75); who drank alcohol (AOR 1.59; 95% CI 1.06\u20142.39); and engaged in transactional sex (AOR 2.42; 95% CI 1.37 \u2013 4.28).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results highlight the urgent need to respond to the high prevalence of self reported STIs among AGYW in ASM. The risk factors constitute multiple and intersecting vulnerabilities that require both preventive and curative interventions targeting female and male ASM workers and host communities, with emphasis on behavioral change and promotion of viable alternative sources of income. The ministries of Health, Gender, Labour and Social Development and key development partners should adopt a multi sectoral approach that effectively engages key stakeholders, including mining host communities, given the close interrelations between gender, health and economic aspects of the AGYW\u2019s lives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23159-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T01:33:44Z","timestamp":1748050424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Determinants of sexually transmitted infections among adolescent girls and young women in artisanal and small-scale mining communities of Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Betty","family":"Kwagala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Chidwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Bosco","family":"Asiimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Ojiambo","family":"Wandera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Mutabazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Ngabirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Kapiriri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"23159_CR1","volume-title":"Global trends in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM): a review of key numbers and issues: Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF)","author":"W Fritz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fritz W, McQuilken J, Collins N, Weldegiorgis F. Global trends in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM): a review of key numbers and issues: Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF). 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"23159_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/13552074.2017.1386006","volume":"25","author":"I Mpagi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mpagi I, Ssamula NF, Ongode B, Henderson S, Robinah HG. Artisanal gold mining: both a woman\u2019s and a man\u2019s world. A Uganda case study. Gender Dev. 2017;25(3):471\u201387.","journal-title":"Gender Dev."},{"issue":"4","key":"23159_CR3","first-page":"1101","volume":"6","author":"D Buss","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buss D, Rutherford B, Stewart J, C\u00f4t\u00e9 GE, Sebina-Zziwa A, Kibombo R, Hinton J, Lebert J. Gender and artisanal and small-scale mining: implications for formalization. Extr Ind Soc. 2019;6(4):1101\u201312.","journal-title":"Extr Ind Soc"},{"key":"23159_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2014.05.004","volume":"62","author":"G Hilson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hilson G, Osei L. Tackling youth unemployment in sub-Saharan Africa: Is there a role for artisanal and small-scale mining? Futures. 2014;62:83\u201394.","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"23159_CR5","unstructured":"Barreto M, Schein P, Hinton J, Hruschka F. Economic contributions of artisanal and small-scale mining in Rwanda: Tin, Tantalum, and Tungsten. Pact, DFID and EARF. 2018."},{"key":"23159_CR6","volume-title":"Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana","author":"J McQuilken","year":"2016","unstructured":"McQuilken J, Hilson G. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana. London: Evidence to inform an \u2018action dialogue\u2019 IIED; 2016."},{"key":"23159_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102008","volume":"71","author":"L Osei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osei L, Yeboah T, Kumi E, Antoh EF. Government\u2019s ban on Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining, youth livelihoods and imagined futures in Ghana. Resour Policy. 2021;71:102008.","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"issue":"16","key":"23159_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"D Doh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Doh D, Bortei-DokuAryeetey E, Ahadzie W, Lawson ET. Girls in Mining in Ghana: Surviving Without Flourishing. Centre Soc Policy Stud Tech Pub Ser. 2016;2(16):1\u201359.","journal-title":"Centre Soc Policy Stud Tech Pub Ser"},{"issue":"4","key":"23159_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20211106","volume":"10","author":"N Mattew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mattew N, Rumbidzai C, Dung J, Wendy N, Stephen EM. Exploring enablers of sexually transmitted infections among illegal gold miners in the midlands region of Zimbabwe. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2021;10(4):1321\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"23159_CR10","unstructured":"WHO. Sexually transmitted infections. In: WHO. Edited by WHO: WHO; Geneva, 2023."},{"key":"23159_CR11","unstructured":"UBOS and ICF. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016. In: In. Kampala, Uganda and Rockville. Maryland: UBOS and ICF; 2018."},{"key":"23159_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2022.100284","volume":"4","author":"G Murewanhema","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murewanhema G, Musuka G, Gwinji PT, Dzobo M, Dzinamarira T. Sexually transmitted infections among artisanal miners in Zimbabwe: an urgent need for enhanced preventive measures. Public Health Pract. 2022;4:100284.","journal-title":"Public Health Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"23159_CR13","first-page":"134","volume":"4","author":"J Lwelamira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lwelamira J, Sarwatt A, Masumbuko I. Knowledge and practices related to HIV\/AIDS infection among youths in mining areas of Central Tanzania: a case of Londoni and Winza Mining Areas. Asian J Med Sci. 2012;4(4):134\u201344.","journal-title":"Asian J Med Sci"},{"key":"23159_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-017-0078-z","volume":"39","author":"J Wilches-Gutierrez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilches-Gutierrez J, Documet P. What is known about sexual and reproductive health in Latin American and Caribbean mining contexts? A systematic scoping review. Public Health Rev. 2018;39:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"23159_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.4.307","volume":"79","author":"S Clift","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clift S, Anemona A, Watson-Jones D, Kanga Z, Ndeki L, Changalucha J, Gavyole A, Ross D. Variations of HIV and STI prevalences within communities neighbouring new goldmines in Tanzania: importance for intervention design. Sex Transmitted Infect. 2003;79(4):307\u201312.","journal-title":"Sex Transmitted Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"23159_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/jae\/ejs005","volume":"21","author":"L Corno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corno L, De Walque D. Mines, migration and HIV\/AIDS in Southern Africa. J Afr Econ. 2012;21(3):465\u201398.","journal-title":"J Afr Econ"},{"issue":"8","key":"23159_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.027","volume":"60","author":"N Desmond","year":"2005","unstructured":"Desmond N, Allen CF, Clift S, Justine B, Mzugu J, Plummer ML, Watson-Jones D, Ross DA. A typology of groups at risk of HIV\/STI in a gold mining town in north-western Tanzania. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(8):1739\u201349.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"23159_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinton J, Veiga MM, Beinhoff C. Women and artisanal mining: Gender roles and the road ahead. The socio-economic impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining in developing countries. 2003. p. 149\u2013188.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203971284.ch11"},{"key":"23159_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim AF, Rutherford B, Buss D. Gendered \u201cchoices\u201d in Sierra Leone: women in artisanal mining in Tonkolili District. In: The (In) Visibility of Women and Mining. edn.: Routledge; 2022. p. 154\u2013173.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003245414-9"},{"key":"23159_CR20","unstructured":"Muheki S, Geenen S: Women in (and out of) artisanal mining: apposing policy and women's lived experiences in Lujinji B and Wakayiba mines, Mubende, Uganda. Discussion paper\/University of Antwerp Institute of Development Policy and Management; Universit\u00e9 d'Anvers Institut de politique et de gestion du d\u00e9veloppement-Antwerp, 2002, currens 2018."},{"key":"23159_CR21","volume-title":"Getting to the last mile in least developed countries","author":"M Pedrajas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pedrajas M, Choritz S. Getting to the last mile in least developed countries. New York: UNDP; 2016."},{"issue":"9568","key":"23159_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60367-5","volume":"369","author":"LH Bearinger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bearinger LH, Sieving RE, Ferguson J, Sharma V. Global perspectives on the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents: patterns, prevention, and potential. The lancet. 2007;369(9568):1220\u201331.","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"23159_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12191","volume":"22","author":"AJ Dawson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dawson AJ, Homer CS. How does the mining industry contribute to sexual and reproductive health in developing countries? A narrative synthesis of current evidence to inform practice. J Clin Nurs. 2013;22(23\u201324):3597\u2013609.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"23159_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105318782594","volume":"25","author":"D Ssewanyana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ssewanyana D, Mwangala PN, Marsh V, Jao I, Van Baar A, Newton CR, Abubakar A. Socio-ecological determinants of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use behavior of adolescents in Kilifi County at the Kenyan coast. J Health Psychol. 2020;25(12):1940\u201353.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"23159_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023670","volume":"6","author":"A Agardh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agardh A, Tumwine G, \u00d6stergren P-O. The impact of socio-demographic and religious factors upon sexual behavior among Ugandan university students. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23670.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"23159_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3103-0","volume":"16","author":"O Nankinga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nankinga O, Misinde C, Kwagala B. Gender relations, sexual behaviour, and risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections among women in union in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):440.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"23159_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2020.05.001","volume":"7","author":"G Mkodzongi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mkodzongi G, Spiegel SJ. Mobility, temporary migration and changing livelihoods in Zimbabwe\u2019s artisanal mining sector. Extr Indust Soci. 2020;7(3):994\u20131001.","journal-title":"Extr Indust Soci"},{"key":"23159_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu JJ, Wang N, Lu L, Pu Y, Zhang GL, Wong M, Wu ZL, Zheng XW. HIV and STIs in clients and female sex workers in mining regions of Gejiu City, China. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(6):558\u201365.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318165926b. PMID: 18354344.","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318165926b"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"23159_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181c7d8d2","volume":"53","author":"G Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang G, Wang N, Wong M, Yi P, Xu J, Li B, Ding G, Ma Y, Wang H, Zheng X. HIV-1 and STIs prevalence and risk factors of miners in mining districts of Yunnan, China. J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndr (1999). 2010;53(Suppl 1):S54.","journal-title":"J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndr (1999)."},{"key":"23159_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6343-3","volume":"19","author":"B Sabri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabri B, Wirtz AL, Ssekasanvu J, Nonyane BA, Nalugoda F, Kagaayi J, Ssekubugu R, Wagman JA. Intimate partner violence, HIV and sexually transmitted infections in fishing, trading and agrarian communities in Rakai. Uganda BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Uganda BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"23159_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2016.01.010","volume":"3","author":"SA Rustad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rustad SA, \u00d8stby G, Nord\u00e5s R. Artisanal mining, conflict, and sexual violence in Eastern DRC. Extr Industr Soc. 2016;3(2):475\u201384.","journal-title":"Extr Industr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"23159_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-24","volume":"10","author":"MS D\u2019Souza","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza MS, Karkada SN, Somayaji G, Venkatesaperumal R. Women\u2019s well-being and reproductive health in Indian mining community: need for empowerment. Reprod Health. 2013;10(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"23159_CR33","unstructured":"Violence Against Women. http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/violence-against-women."},{"issue":"6","key":"23159_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.023","volume":"20","author":"EN O'Neal","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Neal EN, Decker SH, Spohn C, Tellis K. Condom use during sexual assault. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20(6):605\u20139.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"23159_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e076198","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076198","volume":"14","author":"L Chimoyi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chimoyi L, Ndini P, Oladimeji M, Seatlholo N, Mawokomatanda K, Charalambous S, Setswe G. Exploring the syndemic interaction between social, environmental and structural contexts of HIV infection in peri-mining areas in South Africa: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2024;14(3):e076198.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"23159_CR36","unstructured":"Leaving no one behind, UNCDP committee for development policy, accessed . https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/content\/documents\/2754713_July_PM_2._Leaving_no_one_behind_Summary_from_UN_Committee_for_Development_Policy.pdf."},{"key":"23159_CR37","unstructured":"Yamane T. Statistics: an introductory analysis-3. 1973."},{"key":"23159_CR38","unstructured":"Kalton G. Practical methods for sampling rare and mobile populations. In: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Statistical Association: 2001: Citeseer; 2001. p. 5\u20139."},{"key":"23159_CR39","volume-title":"Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016","author":"UBOS and ICF","year":"2018","unstructured":"UBOS and ICF. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Kampala, Uganda and Rockville, Maryland, USA: UBOS and ICF; 2018."},{"key":"23159_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-017-0140-y","volume":"12","author":"TG Ginindza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ginindza TG, Stefan CD, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, Dlamini X, Jolly PE, Weiderpass E, Broutet N, Sartorius B. Prevalence and risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women of reproductive age in Swaziland. Infect Agents Cancer. 2017;12:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Infect Agents Cancer"},{"key":"23159_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3103-0","volume":"16","author":"O Nankinga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nankinga O, Misinde C, Kwagala B. Gender relations, sexual behaviour, and risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections among women in union in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"23159_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100386","volume":"8","author":"SR Psaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Psaki SR, Chuang EK, Melnikas AJ, Wilson DB, Mensch BS. Causal effects of education on sexual and reproductive health in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SSM Population Health. 2019;8:100386.","journal-title":"SSM Population Health"},{"key":"23159_CR43","unstructured":"WHO\u2019s SAFER Initiative is a timely intervention to reduce alcohol-related harm in Uganda. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/countries\/uganda\/news\/whos-safer-initiative-timely-intervention-reduce-alcohol-related-harm-uganda#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20WHO%20report,on%20alcohol%20and%20health%2C%202018."},{"issue":"9458","key":"23159_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17870-2","volume":"365","author":"R Room","year":"2005","unstructured":"Room R, Babor T, Rehm J. Alcohol and public health. Lancet. 2005;365(9458):519\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"23159_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-399","volume":"12","author":"NM Tumwesigye","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tumwesigye NM, Kyomuhendo GB, Greenfield TK, Wanyenze RK. Problem drinking and physical intimate partner violence against women: evidence from a national survey in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):399.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"23159_CR46","first-page":"3","volume":"11","author":"L Llamosas-Falc\u00f3n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Llamosas-Falc\u00f3n L, Hasan OS, Shuper PA, Rehm J. A systematic review on the impact of alcohol use on sexually transmitted infections. Int J Alcohol Drug Res. 2023;11(1):3.","journal-title":"Int J Alcohol Drug Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"23159_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1564-1","volume":"15","author":"SO Wandera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wandera SO, Kwagala B, Ndugga P, Kabagenyi A. Partners\u2019 controlling behaviors and intimate partner sexual violence among married women in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):214.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"23159_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1112","volume":"13","author":"B Kwagala","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kwagala B, Wandera SO, Ndugga P, Kabagenyi A. Empowerment, partner\u2019s behaviours and intimate partner physical violence among married women in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):1112.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23159-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23159-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23159-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T01:33:50Z","timestamp":1748050430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23159-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23159-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the research ethics committees in Uganda (The AIDS Support Organization-2022\u2013169 and registered by the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology- UNCST \u2013 SS149ES). Voluntary informed consent was obtained from the adult respondents and assent from minors, after seeking consent of their caregivers. Working minors that lived alone were treated as emancipated minors. Owing to the recent COVID 19 and Ebola epidemics, we used verbal consent. Participants were assured of confidentiality\n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1921"}}