{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T04:23:43Z","timestamp":1793075023605,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["880557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["880557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["880557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["880557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["880557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["880557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["880557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["880557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["880557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["880557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["880557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["880557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Innsbruck and Medical University of Innsbruck"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Stress during academic training is a significant issue for students, which intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. Internet-based stress management programs are an attractive, low-threshold and cost-effective option for students at universities. The present randomized controlled intervention study examined the efficacy of a newly developed seven-week minimal guided (with optional e-Coach support) and unguided stress management training (iSMT) App based on cognitive behavioral therapy techniques (CBT) for university students. Participants (guided iSMT version: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009118; unguided iSMT version: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009123) were compared to a previous study\u2019s passive psychoeducation group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009123) and waiting control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009130). Participants were tested at pre- and post-intervention with the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Both iSMT interventions significantly reduced perceived stress compared to the psychoeducation group and the waiting-list control group (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>s\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; all \u03b7p<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009&gt;\u2009.056), but no significant differences were found between the two versions of the iSMT. All intervention groups further showed improved emotion regulation (higher reappraisal) and coping (lower symptom-related rumination) strategies, with a small effect. These findings support iSMT as a cost-effective, accessible intervention for student stress management, offering benefits beyond traditional psychoeducation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23399-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T05:27:55Z","timestamp":1751434075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of the effectiveness of a 7-week minimal guided and unguided cognitive behavioral therapy-based stress-management APP for students"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth Margarete","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Harder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegmund","family":"Staggl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Holzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Dresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Canazei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"23399_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54032","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54032","volume":"16","author":"B Zarowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zarowski B, Giokaris D, Green O. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on university students\u2019 mental health: a literature review. Cureus. 2024;16(2):e54032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.54032.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar de Pablo G, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of\u00a0192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(1):281\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"23399_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"11","key":"23399_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002958","volume":"94","author":"B Maser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maser B, Danilewitz M, Gu\u00e9rin E, Findla L, Frank E. Medical student psychological distress and mental illness relative to the general population: a Canadian cross-sectional survey. Acad Med. 2019;94(11):1781\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002958.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"23399_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pozos-Radillo BE, Preciado Serrano M de L, Acosta-Fern\u00e1ndez M, Aguilera-Velasco M de los \u00c1, Delgado-Garc\u00eda DD. Academic stress as a predictor of chronic stress in university students. Psicol Educ. 2014;20(1):47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pse.2014.05.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pse.2014.05.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2021004","volume":"8","author":"M Mofatteh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mofatteh M. Risk factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among university undergraduate students. AIMS Public Health. 2020;8(1):36\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/publichealth.2021004.","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000381400","volume":"48","author":"JP Delfino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delfino JP, Barrag\u00e1n E, Botella C, Braun S, Bridler R, Camussi E, et al. Quantifying insufficient coping behavior under chronic stress: a cross-cultural study of 1,303 students from Italy, Spain and Argentina. Psychopathology. 2015;48(4):230\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"23399_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2021.1947303","volume":"71","author":"B Logan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Logan B, Burns S. Stressors among young Australian university students: a qualitative study. J Am Coll Health. 2023;71(6):1753\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2021.1947303.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1469787417731194","volume":"19","author":"A Pitt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pitt A, Oprescu F, Tapia G, Gray M. An exploratory study of students\u2019 weekly stress levels and sources of stress during the semester. Act Learn High Educ. 2018;19(1):61\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469787417731194.","journal-title":"Act Learn High Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02294-z","volume":"20","author":"MD Onieva-Zafra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onieva-Zafra MD, Fern\u00e1ndez-Mu\u00f1oz JJ, Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez E, Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez FJ, Abreu-S\u00e1nchez A, Parra-Fern\u00e1ndez ML. Anxiety, perceived stress and coping strategies in nursing students: a cross-sectional, correlational, descriptive study. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-020-02294-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"23399_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2021.100369","volume":"24","author":"Y Amanvermez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amanvermez Y, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P, Salemink E, Spinhoven P, Struijs S, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of a guided internet-based stress management intervention for university students with high levels of stress: protocol for an open trial. Internet Interv. 2021;24:100369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2021.100369.","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97697-3","volume":"11","author":"D Ochnik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ochnik D, Rogowska AM, Ku\u015bnierz C, Jakubiak M, Sch\u00fctz A, Held MJ, et al. Mental health prevalence and predictors among university students in nine countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-national study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-97697-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"23399_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103925","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1103925","volume":"13","author":"T Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu T, Wang H. High prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among remote learning students during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a meta-analysis. Front Psychol. 2023;13:1103925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1103925.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/0309877X.2019.1579896","volume":"44","author":"R Batchelor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batchelor R, Pitman E, Sharpington A, Stock M, Cage E. Student perspectives on mental health support and services in the UK. J Furth High Educ. 2020;44(4):483\u201397.","journal-title":"J Furth High Educ"},{"key":"23399_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00045","author":"K Gr\u00f8tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8tan K, Sund ER, Bjerkeset O. Mental health, academic self-efficacy and study progress among college students \u2013 the SHoT study, Norway. Front Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00045.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"23399_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2021.100374","volume":"24","author":"M Harrer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harrer M, Apolin\u00e1rio-Hagen J, Fritsche L, Salewski C, Zarski AC, Lehr D, et al. Effect of an internet- and app-based stress intervention compared to online psychoeducation in university students with depressive symptoms: results of a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interv. 2021;24:100374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2021.100374.","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"issue":"2","key":"23399_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1782","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1782","volume":"28","author":"DD Ebert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ebert DD, Mortier P, Kaehlke F, Bruffaerts R, Baumeister H, Auerbach RP, et al. Barriers of mental health treatment utilization among first-year college students: first cross-national results from the WHO world mental health international college student initiative. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2019;28(2):e1782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1782.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"23399_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13873","DOI":"10.2196\/13873","volume":"21","author":"C Pretorius","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pretorius C, Chambers D, Coyle D. Young people\u2019s online help-seeking and mental health difficulties: systematic narrative review. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(11):e13873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/13873.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.189464","volume":"210","author":"N Schnyder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schnyder N, Panczak R, Groth N, Schultze-Lutter F. Association between mental health-related stigma and active help-seeking: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;210(4):261\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.189464.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"23399_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45725","DOI":"10.2196\/45725","volume":"7","author":"Y Amanvermez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amanvermez Y, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P, Ciharova M, Donker M, Hurks P, et al. A guided, internet-based stress management intervention for university students with high levels of stress: feasibility and acceptability study. JMIR Form Res. 2023;7:e45725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/45725.","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"23399_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00116","volume":"8","author":"DD Ebert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ebert DD, Cuijpers P, Mu\u00f1oz RF, Baumeister H. Prevention of mental health disorders using internet- and mobile-based interventions: a narrative review and recommendations for future research. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00116.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"23399_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9199","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159199","volume":"19","author":"R Malinauskas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malinauskas R, Malinauskiene V. Meta-analysis of psychological interventions for reducing stress, anxiety, and depression among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(15):9199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159199.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"23399_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2022.100503","volume":"28","author":"Y Amanvermez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amanvermez Y, Zhao R, Cuijpers P, de Wit LM, Ebert DD, Kessler RC, et al. Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Internet Interv. 2022;28:100503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2022.100503.","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"issue":"2","key":"23399_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1759","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1759","volume":"28","author":"M Harrer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harrer M, Adam SH, Baumeister H, Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Auerbach RP, et al. Internet interventions for mental health in university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2019;28(2):e1759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1759.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"23399_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5774","volume":"19","author":"E Heber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heber E, Ebert DD, Lehr D, Cuijpers P, Berking M, Nobis S, et al. The benefit of web- and computer-based interventions for stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(2):e32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.5774.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"23399_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-016-0662-3","volume":"17","author":"CS Conley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Conley CS, Durlak JA, Shapiro JB, Kirsch AC, Zahniser E. A meta-analysis of the impact of universal and indicated preventive technology-delivered interventions for higher education students. Prev Sci. 2016;17(6):659\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-016-0662-3.","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"23399_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008944","volume":"37","author":"V Spek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spek V, Cuijpers P, Nykl\u00edcek I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2007;37(3):319\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291706008944.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2014.08.003","volume":"1","author":"H Baumeister","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baumeister H, Reichler L, Munzinger M, Lin J. The impact of guidance on Internet-based mental health interventions \u2014 a systematic review. Internet Interv. 2014;1(4):205\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2014.08.003.","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"key":"23399_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102179","volume":"96","author":"JA Koelen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koelen JA, Vonk A, Klein A, de Koning L, Vonk P, de Vet S, et al. Man vs. machine: A meta-analysis on the added value of human support in text-based internet treatments (\u201ce-therapy\u201d) for mental disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;96:102179.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"23399_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1017\/s135246581300096","volume":"43","author":"A Kohtala","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kohtala A, Lappalainen R, Savonen L, Timo E, Tolvanen A. A four-session acceptance and commitment therapy-based intervention for depressive symptoms delivered by master\u2019s degree level psychology students: a preliminary study. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2015;43(3):360\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s135246581300096.","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"23399_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.07.006","volume":"61","author":"P Lappalainen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lappalainen P, Granlund A, Siltanen S, Ahonen S, Vitikainen M, Tolvanen A, Lappalainen R. ACT internet-based vs face-to-face? A randomized controlled trial of two ways to deliver acceptance and commitment therapy for depressive symptoms: an 18-month follow-up. Behav Res Ther. 2014;61:43\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2014.07.006.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"23399_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.01.001","volume":"78","author":"P R\u00e4s\u00e4nen","year":"2016","unstructured":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen P, Lappalainen P, Muotka J, Tolvanen A, Lappalainen R. An online guided ACT intervention for enhancing the psychological wellbeing of university students: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Behav Res Ther. 2016;78:30\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2016.01.001.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4364","volume":"78","author":"E Karyotaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karyotaki E, Efthimiou O, Miguel C, Bermpohl FMG, Furukawa TA, Cuijpers P, et al. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: a systematic review and individual patient data network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2021;78(4):361\u201371.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043208","volume":"20","author":"AM K\u00fcchler","year":"2023","unstructured":"K\u00fcchler AM, Schultchen D, Dretzler T, Moshagen M, Ebert DD, Baumeister H. A three-armed randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness, acceptance, and negative effects of StudiCare mindfulness, an internet- and mobile-based intervention for college students with no and \u201con demand\u201c guidance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(4):3208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20043208.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25847","DOI":"10.2196\/25847","volume":"8","author":"S Lehtimaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lehtimaki S, Martic J, Wahl B, Foster KT, Schwalbe N. Evidence on digital mental health interventions for adolescents and young people: systematic overview. JMIR Ment Health. 2021;8(4):e25847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/25847.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"23399_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12869","DOI":"10.2196\/12869","volume":"21","author":"EG Lattie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lattie EG, Adkins EC, Winquist N, Stiles-Shields C, Wafford QE, Graham AK. Digital mental health interventions for depression, anxiety, and enhancement of psychological well-being among college students: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(7):e12869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/12869.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11504-2","volume":"21","author":"P Nixon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nixon P, Bo\u00df L, Heber E, Ebert DD, Lehr D. A three-armed randomised controlled trial investigating the comparative impact of guidance on the efficacy of a web-based stress management intervention and health impairing and promoting mechanisms of prevention. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11504-2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2477-y","volume":"19","author":"F Bolinski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bolinski F, Kleiboer A, Karyotaki E, Bosmans JE, Zarski A, Weisel KK, Ebert DD, Jacobi C, Cuijpers P, Riper H. Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic individually tailored internet-based and mobile-supported intervention for the indicated Prevention of Depression and Anxiety (ICARE Prevent) in Dutch college students: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2477-y.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"23399_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14030180","volume":"14","author":"EM Weiss","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weiss EM, Staggl S, Holzner B, Rumpold G, Dresen V, Canazei M. Preventive effect of a 7-week app-based passive psychoeducational stress management program on students. Behav Sci. 2024;14(3):180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14030180.","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"23399_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-79","volume":"7","author":"T Donker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donker T, Griffiths KM, Cuijpers P, Christensen H. Psychoeducation for depression, anxiety and psychological distress: a meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2009;7:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"23399_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-005-3210-1","volume":"34","author":"C Hayes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hayes C, Morgan M. Evaluation of a psychoeducational program to help adolescents cope. J Youth Adolescence. 2005;34(2):111\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-005-3210-1.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEDT.2013.06.019","volume":"34","author":"PR Jameson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jameson PR. The effects of a hardiness educational intervention on hardiness and perceived stress of junior baccalaureate nursing students. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(4):603\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEDT.2013.06.019.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/SW\/49.1.75","volume":"49","author":"LV Jones","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jones LV. Enhancing psychosocial competence among Black women in college. Soc Work. 2004;49(1):75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/SW\/49.1.75.","journal-title":"Soc Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.56.44.445-45","volume":"56","author":"M Steinhardt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steinhardt M, Dolbier C. Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. J Am Coll Health. 2008;56(4):445\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JACH.56.44.445-45.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198111419202","volume":"39","author":"T van Daele","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Daele T, Welzijn S, EnGezin V, Hermans D, van Audenhove C, van den Bergh O. Stress reduction through psychoeducation: a meta-analytic review. Health Educ Behav. 2012;39(4):474\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198111419202.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"23399_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nilges P, Essau C. DASS. Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen - deutschsprachige Kurzfassung. Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Psychologie. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23668\/psycharchives.4579.","DOI":"10.23668\/psycharchives.4579"},{"key":"23399_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t01004-0","author":"SH Lovibond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21, DASS42). APA PsycTests. 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t01004-0.","journal-title":"APA PsycTests"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"23399_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657","volume":"44","author":"JD Henry","year":"2005","unstructured":"Henry JD, Crawford JR. The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005;44(Pt 2):227\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466505X29657.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"23399_CR49","volume-title":"Response styles questionnaire - deutsche version; RSQ-D manual","author":"C K\u00fchner","year":"2007","unstructured":"K\u00fchner C, Huffziger S, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Response styles questionnaire - deutsche version; RSQ-D manual. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 2007."},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843x.100.4.569","volume":"100","author":"S Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):569\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843x.100.4.569.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"23399_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348","volume":"85","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85(2):348\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"23399_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.55.3.144","volume":"55","author":"B Abler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abler B, Kessler H. Emotion regulation questionnaire\u2014Eine deutschsprachige Fassung des ERQ von Gross und John. Diagnostica. 2009;55(3):144\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924.55.3.144.","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"issue":"3","key":"23399_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2018.1564319","volume":"102","author":"DA Preece","year":"2020","unstructured":"Preece DA, Becerra R, Robinson K, Gross JJ. The emotion regulation questionnaire: psychometric properties in general community samples. J Pers Assess. 2020;102(3):348\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2018.1564319.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"23399_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-12-126","volume":"12","author":"B Holzner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holzner B, Giesinger JM, Pinggera J, Zugal S, Sch\u00f6pf F, Oberguggenberger AS, et al. The Computer-based Health Evaluation Software (CHES): a software for electronic patient-reported outcome monitoring. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2012;12:126.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"23399_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720965","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.720965","volume":"12","author":"M Sanilevici","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanilevici M, Reuveni O, Lev-Ari S, Golland Y, Levit-Binnun N. Mindfulness-based stress reduction increases mental wellbeing and emotion regulation during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a synchronous online intervention study. Front Psychol. 2021;12:720965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.720965.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"23399_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1037\/str0000099","volume":"26","author":"M Yusufov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yusufov M, Nicoloro-SantaBarbara J, Grey NE, Moyer A, Lobel M. Meta-analytic evaluation of stress reduction interventions for undergraduate and graduate students. Int J Stress Manage. 2019;26(2):132\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/str0000099.","journal-title":"Int J Stress Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12735","volume":"57","author":"T Bani Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bani Ahmad T, Meri\u00e7 M. The effect of an online psychoeducational stress management program on international students\u2019 ability to cope and adapt. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(4):1673\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppc.12735.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"23399_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2022.01.227","volume":"71","author":"GN Rackoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rackoff GN, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Taylor CB, Eisenberg D, Wilfley DE, Newman MG. A randomized controlled trial of internet-based self-help for stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health. 2022;71(2):157\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2022.01.227.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"23399_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.47.3.142","volume":"47","author":"H Fliege","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fliege H, Rose M, Arck P, Levenstein S, Klapp BF. Validierung des \u201cPerceived Stress Questionnaire\u201c (PSQ) an einer deutschen Stichprobe. Diagnostica. 2001;47(3):142\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924.47.3.142.","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070903318960","volume":"38","author":"G Andersson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andersson G, Cuijpers P. Internet-based and other computerized psychological treatments for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther. 2009;38(4):196\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506070903318960.","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000481515","volume":"87","author":"P Zagorscak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zagorscak P, Heinrich M, Sommer D, Wagner B, Knaevelsrud C. Benefits of individualized feedback in internet-based interventions for depression: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2018;87(1):32\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000481515.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"4","key":"23399_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9293","volume":"20","author":"M Harrer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrer M, Adam SH, Fleischmann RJ, Baumeister H, Auerbach R, Bruffaerts R, et al. Effectiveness of an internet- and app-based intervention for college students with elevated stress: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(4):e136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.9293.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"23399_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2025.100811","volume":"39","author":"R Herrero","year":"2025","unstructured":"Herrero R, Franke M, Gorlich D, Garcia-Palacios A, Banos R, Jacobi C, Bergeri T, Schaub MB, Kriegeri T, Ebert DD, Botella C. Efficacy of the internet-based intervention \u201cCultivating our resilience\u201d (CORE) for improving resilience and coping strategies in university students: a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interv. 2025;39:100811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2025.100811.","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"issue":"6","key":"23399_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2021.1895986","volume":"34","author":"R Long","year":"2021","unstructured":"Long R, Halvorson M, Lengua LJ. A mindfulness-based promotive coping program improves well-being in college undergraduates. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2021;34(6):690\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2021.1895986. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21, DASS-42). APA PsycTests. 1995. 10.1037\/t01004-000.","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"23399_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00463","volume":"11","author":"T St\u00e4chele","year":"2020","unstructured":"St\u00e4chele T, Domes G, Wekenborg M, Penz M, Kirschbaum C, Heinrichs M. Effects of a 6-week internet-based stress management program on perceived stress, subjective coping skills, and sleep quality. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00463.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"23399_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.11.034","volume":"61","author":"B McCarthy","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCarthy B, Trace A, O\u2019Donovan M, O\u2019Regan P, Brady-Nevin C, O\u2019Shea M, et al. Coping with stressful events: a pre-post-test of a psycho-educational intervention for undergraduate nursing and midwifery students. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;61:273\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.11.034.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2014.953526","volume":"30","author":"R Crutzen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crutzen R, Viechtbauer W, Spigt M, Kotz D. Differential attrition in health behaviour change trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health. 2014;30(1):122\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08870446.2014.953526.","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"23399_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4173","volume":"50","author":"C de Miquel","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Miquel C, Haro JM, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Ortiz-Tallo A, Chen T, Sinokki M, et al. Differential attrition and engagement in randomized controlled trials of occupational mental health interventions in person and online: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2024;50(8):588\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5271\/sjweh.4173.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"23399_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2022.100553","volume":"29","author":"F Sv\u00e4rdman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sv\u00e4rdman F, Sj\u00f6wall D, Linds\u00e4ter E. Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral interventions to reduce elevated stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Internet Interv. 2022;29:100553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2022.100553.","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"issue":"8","key":"23399_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-021-00372-7","volume":"22","author":"R Fischer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fischer R, Scheunemann J, Moritz S. Coping strategies and subjective well-being: context matters. J Happiness Stud. 2021;22(8):3413\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-021-00372-7.","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"23399_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026211011982","volume":"10","author":"AH Bettis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bettis AH, Burke TA, Nesi J, Liu RT. Digital technologies for emotion-regulation assessment and intervention: a conceptual review. Clin Psychol Sci. 2022;10(1):3\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21677026211011982.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23399-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23399-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23399-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T05:27:57Z","timestamp":1751434077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23399-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-23399-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2266"}}