{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T21:12:22Z","timestamp":1757625142835,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Anemia is a major public health issue that disproportionately affects women of reproductive age. While tobacco use may influence hemoglobin levels through physiological mechanisms, its association with anemia remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between smoking and anemia in adult women in Peru using nationally representative data.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cross-sectional study based on secondary data from a national survey (ENDES 2023). Women aged 18 to 49 years with complete information on the variables of interest were included. The independent variable was smoking, and the dependent variable was the anemia status. To evaluate the association between variables, Poisson regression with robust variance was used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 13 036 women with a mean age of 33.0 years were analyzed. No significant association was found between cigarette smoking in the last 12 months (aPR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.24), smoking in the last 30 days (aPR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.22), or daily smoking (aPR: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.14) and the prevalence of anemia. On the other hand, a higher prevalence of anemia was observed in women aged 30 to 49 years. While the factors associated with a lower prevalence of anemia were black ethnicity, overweight, obesity, and living in small cities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>No significant association was found between smoking and the presence of anemia in Peruvian adult women. However, factors such as age, nutritional status and ethnicity were associated with the prevalence of anemia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23976-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T08:04:38Z","timestamp":1755590678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between smoking and anemia in adult women in Peru: analysis of a national survey (ENDES) 2023"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Karina I.","family":"Torrejon-Echaccaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson J.","family":"Mathews-Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rodriguez-Simbron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3690-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Soriano-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"23976_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Anaemia in women and children. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/anaemia_in_women_and_children. Accessed 18 Apr 2025."},{"key":"23976_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46739-z","volume":"13","author":"AZ Alem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alem AZ, Efendi F, McKenna L, Felipe-Dimog EB, Chilot D, Tonapa SI, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in women of reproductive age across low- and middle-income countries based on national data. Sci Rep. 2023;13:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"23976_CR3","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica. Encuesta Demogr\u00e1fica y de Salud Familiar - ENDES 2023. 2023."},{"key":"23976_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15405","volume":"76","author":"CS Benson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benson CS, Shah A, Stanworth SJ, Frise CJ, Spiby H, Lax SJ, et al. 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Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49:383\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"issue":"2","key":"23976_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2022.2080627","volume":"41","author":"A Vivek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vivek A, Kaushik RM, Kaushik R. Tobacco smoking-related risk for iron deficiency anemia: a case-control study. J Addict Dis. 2023;41(2):128\u201336.","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"23976_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18304-4","volume":"24","author":"C Appiah-Dwomoh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Appiah-Dwomoh C, Tettey P, Akyeampong E, Amegbor P, Okello G, Botwe PK, et al. Smoke exposure, hemoglobin levels and the prevalence of anemia: a cross-sectional study in urban informal settlement in Southern Ghana. 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This study followed the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided oral informed consent to take part in the survey and for hemoglobin measurement. The analysis used publicly available and anonymized secondary data from the ENDES 2023 survey.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2840"}}