{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:45:30Z","timestamp":1793209530819,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"RADx-UP Coordinating and Data Collection Center and NIH emergency cooperative agreement","award":["1U24MD016258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U24MD016258"]}]},{"name":"RADx-UP Coordinating and Data Collection Center and NIH emergency cooperative agreement","award":["1U24MD016258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U24MD016258"]}]},{"name":"RADx-UP Coordinating and Data Collection Center and NIH emergency cooperative agreement","award":["1U24MD016258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U24MD016258"]}]},{"name":"RADx-UP Coordinating and Data Collection Center and NIH emergency cooperative agreement","award":["1U24MD016258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U24MD016258"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24416-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T11:36:30Z","timestamp":1759232190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mpox epidemiology, barriers to treatment and prevention, and perceived stigma: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Angelique E.","family":"Boutzoukas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Princess","family":"Abbott-Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Thibault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Hornik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Phillips II","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"24416_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7220a2","volume":"19","author":"JH McQuiston","year":"2023","unstructured":"McQuiston JH, Braden CR, Bowen MD, et al. The CDC domestic Mpox response\u2014United states, 2022\u20132023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep May. 2023;19(20):547\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7220a2.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep May"},{"issue":"1","key":"24416_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27913","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27913","volume":"95","author":"NL Bragazzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bragazzi NL, Khamisy-Farah R, Tsigalou C, Mahroum N, Converti M. Attaching a stigma to the LGBTQI\u2009+\u2009community should be avoided during the Monkeypox epidemic. J Med Virol Jan. 2023;95(1):e27913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.27913.","journal-title":"J Med Virol Jan"},{"issue":"6","key":"24416_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3","volume":"13","author":"VA Earnshaw","year":"2009","unstructured":"Earnshaw VA, Chaudoir SR. From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS Behav Dec. 2009;13(6):1160\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav Dec"},{"issue":"7","key":"24416_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1177\/00027649921954822","volume":"42","author":"MA Chesney","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chesney MA, Smith AW. Critical delays in HIV testing and care: the potential role of stigma. Am Behav Sci. 1999;42(7):1162\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00027649921954822.","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"24416_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003416","volume":"1","author":"J Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi J, May SB, Dang BN, Markham C, McGlone M, Cuccaro PM. Acceptability of a future HIV vaccine: a rapid scoping review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Jul. 2024;1(3):197\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003416.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Jul"},{"issue":"1","key":"24416_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01882-1","volume":"12","author":"PA Newman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Newman PA, Dinh DA, Nyoni T, et al. Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy and under-vaccination among marginalized populations in the United States and Canada: a scoping review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities Feb. 2025;12(1):413\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-023-01882-1.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities Feb"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 2","key":"24416_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18640","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18640","volume":"13","author":"IT Katz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katz IT, Ryu AE, Onuegbu AG, et al. Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis. J Int AIDS Soc Nov. 2013;13(3 Suppl 2):18640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18640.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc Nov"},{"issue":"6","key":"24416_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303744","volume":"107","author":"B Turan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turan B, Hatcher AM, Weiser SD, Johnson MO, Rice WS, Turan JM. Framing mechanisms linking HIV-related stigma, adherence to treatment, and health outcomes. Am J Public Health Jun. 2017;107(6):863\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303744.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Jun"},{"issue":"1","key":"24416_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19176-4","volume":"2024\/06\/19","author":"CP Biesty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biesty CP, Hemingway C, Woolgar J, et al. Community led health promotion to counter stigma and increase trust amongst priority populations: lessons from the 2022\u20132023 UK Mpox outbreak. BMC Public Health. 2024;2024\/06\/19(1):1638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19176-4.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"24416_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00e4rz JW, Holm S, Biller-Andorno N. Monkeypox, stigma and public health. Lancet Reg Health Europe. 2022;23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100536.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100536"},{"issue":"9","key":"24416_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29091","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29091","volume":"95","author":"HML Zimmermann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zimmermann HML, G\u00fcltzow T, Marcos TA, Wang H, Jonas KJ, Stutterheim SE. Mpox stigma among men who have sex with men in the netherlands: underlying beliefs and comparisons across other commonly stigmatized infections. J Med Virol. 2023;95(9):e29091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.29091.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"24416_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19868-x","volume":"09","author":"H Budhwani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Budhwani H, Yigit I, Stocks JB, et al. Development and validation of the Mpox stigma scale (MSS) and Mpox knowledge scale (MKS). BMC Public Health. 2024;09(1):2469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-19868-x. \/10 2024.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"S5","key":"24416_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S372","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2024.307608","volume":"114","author":"EM D\u2019Agostino","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino EM, Rosenberg LM, Richmond A, et al. Enhancing community engagement in research: a tiered approach. Am J Public Health May. 2024;114(S5):S372\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2024.307608.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health May"},{"issue":"1","key":"24416_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16960-6","volume":"2023\/10\/28","author":"EM D\u2019Agostino","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino EM, Rosenberg LM, Richmond A, et al. You & me: test and treat study protocol for promoting COVID-19 test and treatment access to underserved populations. BMC Public Health. 2023;2023\/10\/28(1):2121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16960-6.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"24416_CR15","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How Mpox Spreads. Accessed December 10. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/causes\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"24416_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0691-z","volume":"2017\/05\/30","author":"M Reinius","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reinius M, Wettergren L, Wiklander M, Svedhem V, Ekstr\u00f6m AM, Eriksson LE. Development of a 12-item short version of the HIV stigma scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;2017\/05\/30(1):115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-017-0691-z.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"6","key":"24416_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.10011","volume":"24","author":"BE Berger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Berger BE, Ferrans CE, Lashley FR. Measuring stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Res Nurs Health Dec. 2001;24(6):518\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nur.10011.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health Dec"},{"issue":"3","key":"24416_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","volume":"16","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1951","unstructured":"Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16(3):297\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02310555.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"20","key":"24416_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320a4","volume":"23","author":"A Tuttle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuttle A, Hughes CM, Dvorak M, et al. Notes from the field: clade II Mpox surveillance update\u2014United states, October 2023-April 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep May. 2024;23(20):474\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7320a4.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep May"},{"key":"24416_CR20","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Case Trends: Clade II Mpox. Accessed December 12. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mpox\/data-research\/cases\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"24416_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731419885093","volume":"50","author":"CHB Ayhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayhan CHB, Bilgin H, Uluman OT, Sukut O, Yilmaz S, Buzlu S. A systematic review of the discrimination against sexual and gender minority in health care settings. Int J Health Serv. 2020;50(1):44\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020731419885093.","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"issue":"6","key":"24416_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2016.303049","volume":"106","author":"JM Dahlhamer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dahlhamer JM, Galinsky AM, Joestl SS, Ward BW. Barriers to health care among adults identifying as sexual minorities: a US National study. Am J Public Health Jun. 2016;106(6):1116\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2016.303049.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Jun"},{"key":"24416_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46489","DOI":"10.2196\/46489","volume":"9","author":"TS Torres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torres TS, Silva MST, Coutinho C, et al. Evaluation of Mpox knowledge, stigma, and willingness to vaccinate for mpox: cross-sectional web-based survey among sexual and gender minorities. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023;9:e46489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/46489.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"24416_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0299587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299587","volume":"19","author":"SA Schmalzle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schmalzle SA, Grant M, Lovelace S, et al. Survey of pain and stigma experiences in people diagnosed with Mpox in baltimore, Maryland during 2022 global outbreak. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(5):e0299587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299587.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"24416_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17311-1","volume":"23","author":"YJ Evers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Evers YJ, Schneider F, Widdershoven V et al. Using a theoretical framework of intervention mapping to inform public health communication messages designed to increase vaccination uptake; the example of mpox in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-17311-1","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-24416-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-025-24416-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-24416-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T11:36:32Z","timestamp":1759232192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-025-24416-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["24416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-24416-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The mpox substudy of the YMH Registry was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Duke University, protocol #Pro00112104. Eligible potential participants completed an electronic informed consent prior to participation in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3176"}}