{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:56:05Z","timestamp":1793307365959,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung GmbH (HZI)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>On 12 December 2024, the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) recommended universal polio catch-up vaccination for children and adolescents up to 16, urging parents to check their children\u2019s immunization status following detections of vaccine-derived poliovirus in wastewater. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) also advised healthcare professionals to ensure vaccination coverage in priority groups. Regional health authorities, called on all citizens to review their vaccination records to address any immunization gaps. We investigated vaccine uptake (documented \/ recalled) to improve estimates of immunity against poliovirus among the German population and gain insights into the proportion of undocumented vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We conducted a survey in December 2024 using the eResearch System PIA (Prospective Monitoring and Management\u2014App) to collect data on self-reported vaccine uptake among a German cohort. We calculated the frequency of vaccinations that were documented and undocumented, as well as the types of vaccines and the number of doses received. Vaccination status was classified as received\u2009\u2264\u20092 doses versus\u2009\u2265\u20093 doses of any polio-containing vaccine. We applied survey weights to calculate frequencies according the general German population (by age, sex, region) and logistic regression to examine the relationships between the vaccinations that were not documented but recalled, and the factors associated with these undocumented vaccinations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among 1,124 participants who completed the survey on vaccination uptake, 1,097 (96.9%) participants stated to have a vaccination record. A total of 823\/1,124 (74.3%) reported having a vaccination record, where at least one poliomyelitis vaccine was documented, whereas 233 (19.0%) participants recalled at least one poliomyelitis vaccination without documentation or vaccination record. Of 1,124, 68 participants (6.7%) did not report any polio vaccination neither documented nor recalled without documentation. Among the 823 participants with documented vaccination and at least one vaccination, 592 (75.1%) received at least three doses of a poliomyelitis vaccine, with a decline in older age groups, less than three doses were reported by 164 (17.6%), and the remaining 7.3% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200967) did not have information on the number of doses administered. Of 2,768 documented vaccine doses, 898 (29.9%) were oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) and 704 (26.2%) were inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV). In 1,166 vaccines (43.9%), the type could not be derived by the participants from the vaccination record. The odds of having a recalled vaccination (not documented) was higher in male and the older age groups compared to females and younger participants.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found similar poliomyelitis vaccination uptake compared to other data sources e.g., of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI). Vaccine-derived immunity to poliomyelitis may be underestimated based on vaccination records only. There is a need to address potential gaps in health literacy and vaccination documentation. Efforts should be made to conduct continuous seroprevalence surveys in the population in response to emerging public health threats and deduce parameters to inform modelling infection dynamics in specific outbreak scenarios.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The PCR-4-ALL cohort was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register on the 3rd of September 2024 (DRKS00034763).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24865-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T11:25:08Z","timestamp":1760613908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Self-reported poliomyelitis vaccination and documentation in adults indicates high uptake: a digital German epidemic panel, December 2024"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Robyn","family":"Kettlitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Harries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seba","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannik","family":"Reinecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren Sophia","family":"Wieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"von Lengerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berit","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina J.","family":"Klett-Tammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"PCR-4-ALL study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier Casadevall i","family":"Solvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emine","family":"Kayahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam Mohamed Abdelsatta","family":"Bayoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Lammertyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Spasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Van Hileghem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"De 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C.","family":"Garcia-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catia","family":"Nicodemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bucciol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Leardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Montresor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalidwa","family":"Shomali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isti","family":"Rodiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix Jenniches","family":"Helmholtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Alexander","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Melhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"MuSPAD study 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V.","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Illig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Klopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gottfried Roller Michael","family":"Ziemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"24865_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.1.2400805","author":"M Wieczorek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wieczorek M, Gad B, Krzysztoszek A, K\u0142osiewicz P, Oleksiak K, Zaborski B, et al. Detection of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 from sewage samples and public health response, Poland, november to december 2024. Euro Surveill. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.1.2400805.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"24865_CR2","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institute (RKI). Schluckimpfstoff-abgeleitete Polioviren in Abwasserproben an weiteren Orten in Deutschland nachgewiesen [Oral vaccine-derived polioviruses detected in wastewater samples at additional sites in Germany]. Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2024;(49):14."},{"key":"24865_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher S, Kreibich J, Wilton T, Saliba V, Blomqvist S, Al-Hello H, Savolainen-Kopra C, Wieczorek M, Gad B, Krzysztoszek A, Pint\u00f3 RM, Cabrerizo M, Bosch A, Saxentoff E, Diedrich S, Martin J. Detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) in wastewater samples: a wake-up call, Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, 2024. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.\u00a02025;30(3):2500037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.3.2500037.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.3.2500037"},{"key":"24865_CR4","unstructured":"Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Eradication Strategy 2022\u20132026 2022. Available from: https:\/\/polioeradication.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/polio-eradication-new-Strategy-2022-26-Executive-Summary.pdf."},{"key":"24865_CR5","unstructured":"Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2024. Available from: www.polioeradication.org. [cited 2025 12.01]."},{"issue":"6","key":"24865_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-022-03538-7","volume":"65","author":"AT Wanke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wanke AT, Bruns F. Die Impfaktion gegen Poliomyelitis in der DDR im Jahr 1960 am Beispiel der Stadt Halle (Saale): Historische Erfahrungen und Probleme [The vaccination campaign against poliomyelitis in the GDR in 1960 using the example of the city of Halle (Saale): Historical experiences and challenges]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 2022;65(6):718\u201324.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz"},{"issue":"3","key":"24865_CR7","first-page":"409","volume":"10","author":"M Thie\u00dfen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thie\u00dfen M. Vorsorge als Ordnung des Sozialen. Impfen in der Bundesrepublik und der DDR. Zeithist Forsch-Stud Contemp Hist. 2013;10(3):409\u201332.","journal-title":"Zeithist Forsch-Stud Contemp Hist"},{"key":"24865_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fcnch L. Polioschluckimpfung in Westberlin 1960 [Oral polio vaccination in West Berlin 1960]. Monatsschrift f\u00fcr Kinderheilkunde. 2022;170:817\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00112-019-00794-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-019-00794-x"},{"key":"24865_CR9","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institute (RKI). Impfung gegen STIKO-Empfehlung (erstmalige Berufung der STIKO 1972) 2018 [Vaccination against STIKO recommendation (first appointment of STIKO in 1972) 2018]. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/Infekt\/Impfen\/Materialien\/Poster\/Poster_Stiko_Hist.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&utm_source=chatgpt.com"},{"key":"24865_CR10","unstructured":"St\u00e4ndige Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Impfempfehlungen der St\u00e4ndigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut \/ Stand: M\u00e4rz 1998 [Vaccination recommendations of the Standing Vaccination Commission (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute \/ Status: March 1998]. Epidemiol Bull. 1998;15:101-4. https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Aktuelles\/Publikationen\/Epidemiologisches-Bulletin\/1998\/15_98.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1"},{"issue":"5","key":"24865_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.19","volume":"10","author":"AS Bandyopadhyay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay AS, Garon J, Seib K, Orenstein WA. Polio vaccination: past, present and future. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(5):791\u2013808.","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"24865_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.066","volume":"28","author":"H Ariane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ariane H, Idrissa Y, Mady K, Tenemakan K, Ndoutab\u00e9 M, Simona Z, et al. Using oral polio vaccine beyond the cold chain: a feasibility study conducted during the national immunization campaign in Mali. 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Gesetz zur Verh\u00fctung und Bek\u00e4mpfung von Infektionskrankheiten beim Menschen [Act on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Humans]. Federal Republic of Germany; 2000. Available from: https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/ifsg\/. [cited 2025 02.04]."},{"key":"24865_CR16","unstructured":"St\u00e4ndige Impfkommission (STIKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut. Stellungnahme der STIKO anl\u00e4sslich des Nachweises von Schluckimpfstoff abgeleiteten Polioviren im Abwasser in Deutschland [Statement of the STIKO on the detection of oral vaccine-derived polioviruses in wastewater in Germany]. Epidemiol Bull. 2024;(50):17\u20138."},{"key":"24865_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3386-1","volume":"16","author":"GS Wallace","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallace GS, Curns AT, Weldon WC, Oberste MS. Seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies in the United States population, 2009\u20132010. 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