{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T19:06:30Z","timestamp":1767467190752,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25697-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T10:54:43Z","timestamp":1763981683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and psychometric evaluation of the Osteoporosis Preventing Behaviors Questionnaire (OPBQ) based on pender\u2019s health promotion model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Askarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Baloochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Vizeshfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mohammadizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mobin","family":"Mottahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Abaszadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"25697_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06484-x","volume":"33","author":"A Ostovar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ostovar A, Mousavi A, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Rajabi M, Larijani B, Fahimfar N, Daroudi R. The economic burden of osteoporosis in Iran in 2020. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(11):2337\u201346.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02772-0","volume":"16","author":"N Salari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salari N, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi L, Behzadi Mh, Rabieenia E, Shohaimi S, Mohammadi M. The global prevalence of osteoporosis in the world: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):609.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05348-9","volume":"24","author":"Y Zarinfar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zarinfar Y, Panahi N, Hosseinpour M, Sedokani A, Hajivalizadeh S, Nabipour I, et al. The association between osteoporosis and quality of life among older adults in Southern Iran: findings from the Bushehr elderly health program. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):766.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-08239-7","volume":"25","author":"Q Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Q, Liu D, Li X, Li F, Guo S, Wang S, et al. High prevalence of low bone mineral density in middle-aged adults in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):1097.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"9319","key":"25697_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08662-2","volume":"359","author":"S Clark","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clark S. Osteoporosis\u2014the disease of the 21st century? Lancet. 2002;359(9319):1714.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR6","first-page":"105","volume":"133","author":"MA Clynes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clynes MA, Harvey NC, Curtis EM, Fuggle NR, Dennison EM, Cooper C. The epidemiology of osteoporosis. Br Med Bull. 2020;133(1):105\u201317.","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"25697_CR7","first-page":"247","volume":"32","author":"A Medina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Medina A, Campusano C, Cerdas-P\u00e9rez S, Calo M, Wullich S, Muzzi-Camargos B, et al. Epidemiological data and burden of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in Latin America: changes over a decade. Rev Colomb Reumatol. 2025;32(3):247\u201354.","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Reumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-023-01352-9","volume":"23","author":"N Fahimfar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fahimfar N, Hesari E, Mansourzadeh MJ, Khalagi K, Sanjari M, Hajivalizadeh S, et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis in the Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2024;23(1):229\u201337.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"25697_CR9","volume":"13","author":"Y Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Y, Huang X, Wu J, Lin X, Zhou X, Zhu Z, et al. The Global Burden of Osteoporosis, Low Bone Mass, and Its Related Fracture in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:882241.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-018-0540-7","volume":"13","author":"M Zamani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zamani M, Zamani V, Heidari B, Parsian H, Esmaeilnejad-Ganji SM. Prevalence of osteoporosis with the world health organization diagnostic criteria in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2018;13(1):129.","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-00872-8","volume":"16","author":"N Fahimfar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fahimfar N, Noorali S, Yousefi S, Gharibzadeh S, Shafiee G, Panahi N, et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis among the elderly population of Iran. Arch Osteoporos. 2021;16(1):16.","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"10","key":"25697_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-05900-y","volume":"33","author":"MS LeBoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, Lewiecki EM, Saag KG, Singer AJ, Siris ES. The clinician\u2019s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049\u2013102.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"25697_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Voulgaridou G, Papadopoulou SK, Detopoulou P, Tsoumana D, Giaginis C, Kondyli FS, Lymperaki E, Pritsa A. Vitamin D and Calcium in Osteoporosis, and the Role of Bone Turnover Markers: A Narrative Review of Recent Data from RCTs. Diseases. 2023;11(1):29. 10.3390\/diseases11010029. PMID: 36810543; PMCID: PMC9944083. 15. (: 41.2.46.Or https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases11010029","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11010029"},{"key":"25697_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005665","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005665","volume":"13","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zheng YL, Wang R, Wang XQ, Zhang H. Exercise for osteoporosis: a literature review of pathology and mechanism. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1005665.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"25697_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ratajczak AE, Szymczak-Tomczak A, Rychter AM, Zawada A, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Ka\u017amierczak I. Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Risk of Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Clin Med. 2021;10(7):1515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10071515. PMID: 33916465; PMCID: PMC8038608","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071515"},{"key":"25697_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.025","volume":"197","author":"Z Cheraghi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheraghi Z, Doosti-Irani A, Almasi-Hashiani A, Baigi V, Mansournia N, Etminan M, et al. The effect of alcohol on osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;197:197\u2013202.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"25697_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18199985","author":"HH Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen HH, Hsieh PL. Applying the Pender\u2019s Health Promotion Model to identify the factors related to Older Adults\u2019 participation in community-based health promotion activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18199985.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"25697_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.21608\/menj.2022.268396","volume":"7","author":"BG El-Aal","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-Aal BG, Salman AH, Amer HM. Effect of educational intervention based on pender health promotion model on osteoporosis preventive behaviors among employed women. Menoufia Nurs J. 2022;7(2):177\u201394.","journal-title":"Menoufia Nurs J"},{"issue":"2","key":"25697_CR19","first-page":"165","volume":"5","author":"M Khodaveisi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khodaveisi M, Omidi A, Farokhi S, Soltanian AR. The effect of pender\u2019s health promotion model in improving the nutritional behavior of overweight and obese women. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2017;5(2):165\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery"},{"issue":"6","key":"25697_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2013.873363","volume":"30","author":"CL Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jones CL, Jensen JD, Scherr CL, Brown NR, Christy K, Weaver J. The health belief model as an explanatory framework in communication research: exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health Commun. 2015;30(6):566\u201376.","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"key":"25697_CR21","unstructured":"Alyafei A, Easton-Carr R. The health belief model of behavior change. StatPearls. 2024."},{"issue":"4","key":"25697_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.29252\/jrh.8.4.305","volume":"8","author":"M Rahimian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rahimian M, Mohammadi M, Mehry A, Rakhshani MH. The predictors of physical activity among health volunteers based on pender\u2019s health promotion model. J Res Health. 2018;8(4):305\u201312.","journal-title":"J Res Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"25697_CR23","first-page":"165","volume":"5","author":"MP Khodaveisi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khodaveisi MP, Omidi AM, Farokhi SM, Soltanian ARP. The effect of pender\u2019s health promotion model in improving the nutritional behavior of overweight and obese women. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2017;5(2):165\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-07027-9","volume":"23","author":"N Shahabi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahabi N, Hosseini Z, Aghamolaei T, Ghanbarnejad A, Behzad A. Application of pender\u2019s health promotion model for type 2 diabetes treatment adherence: protocol for a mixed methods study in Southern Iran. Trials. 2022;23(1):1056.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19452-3","volume":"24","author":"N Shahabi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahabi N, Javdan G, Hosseini Z, Aghamolaei T, Ghanbarnejad A, Behzad A. A health promotion model-based intervention to enhance treatment adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1943.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10641-y","volume":"21","author":"S Sabooteh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabooteh S, Feizi A, Shekarchizadeh P, Shahnazi H, Mostafavi F. Designing and evaluation of E-health educational intervention on students\u2019 physical activity: an application of pender\u2019s health promotion model. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):657.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-019-00568-8","volume":"16","author":"M Khodaveisi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khodaveisi M, Jafari A, Omidi A, Roshanaei G, Sazvar A. The effect of a pender\u2019s health promotion model-based educational intervention on physical activity in office staff. Sport Sci Health. 2020;16(1):31\u20138.","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"25697_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.29252\/jrh.8.5.394","volume":"8","author":"F Naserpoor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naserpoor F, Zamani-Alavijeh F, Shahri P, Saki Malehi A. Effect of education based on Pender`s health promotion model on nutrition behavior of adolescent girls. J Res Health. 2018;8(5):394\u2013402.","journal-title":"J Res Health"},{"key":"25697_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496028","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1496028","volume":"13","author":"N Heidari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heidari N, Amiri M, Rajati F, Mahaki B, Rajati M. The effect of the social and interpersonal-based intervention on calcium consumption among pregnant women. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1496028.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"25697_CR30","first-page":"1067","volume":"64","author":"A Heydari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heydari A, Khorashadizadeh F. Pender\u2019s health promotion model in medical research. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64(9):1067\u201374.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"25697_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0143","volume":"20","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, Prinsen CA, Bouter LM, Vet HC, Terwee CB. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) and how to select an outcome measurement instrument. Braz J Phys Ther. 2016;20(2):105\u201313.","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR32","first-page":"51","volume":"1","author":"M Vahedian-Shahroodi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vahedian-Shahroodi M, Amin-Shokravi F, Hidarnia A, Jabbari Nooghabid H. A survey on the effects of the pender\u2019s health promotion model on prediction of the employees\u2019 physical activity. Health Educ Health Promotion. 2013;1(1):51\u201366.","journal-title":"Health Educ Health Promotion"},{"key":"25697_CR33","volume-title":"Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level","author":"JA Kanis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanis JA. Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. WHO Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield; 2007."},{"issue":"10","key":"25697_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2794-2","volume":"25","author":"F Cosman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff M, Lewiecki E, Tanner B, Randall S, et al. Clinician\u2019s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(10):2359\u201381.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"25697_CR35","unstructured":"International Osteoporosis Foundation. Nutrition. [Internet]. Nyon, Switzerland: IOF; [updated 2023; cited 2024 Feb 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.osteoporosis.foundation\/health-professionals\/prevention\/nutrition."},{"key":"25697_CR36","unstructured":"International Osteoporosis Foundation. Exercise for individuals with osteoporosis. [Internet]. Nyon, Switzerland: IOF; [updated 2023; cited 2024 Feb 20]. Available from:\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.osteoporosis.foundation\/health-professionals\/prevention\/exercise\/exercise-individuals-with-osteoporosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"25697_CR37","first-page":"343","volume":"16","author":"A Ziba Taghizadeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ziba Taghizadeh A, Ebadi A, Montazeri Z, Shahvari M, Tavousi R, Bagherzadeh. Psychometric properties of health related measures. Part 1: Translation, development, and content and face validity. Payesh (Health Monitor) J. 2017;16(3):343\u201357.","journal-title":"Payesh (Health Monitor) J"},{"issue":"4","key":"25697_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20199","volume":"30","author":"DF Polit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30(4):459\u201367.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"25697_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20147","volume":"29","author":"DF Polit","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polit DF, Beck CT. The content validity index: are you sure you know what\u2019s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2006;29(5):489\u201397.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"25697_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero Jeldres M, D\u00edaz Costa E, Faouzi Nadim T. A review of lawshe\u2019s method for calculating content validity in the social sciences. Front Educ. 2023:8-2023.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1271335"},{"key":"25697_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeraati M, Alavi NM. Designing and validity evaluation of Quality of Nursing Care Scale in Intensive Care Units. J Nurs Meas. 2014;22(3):461\u201371. PMID:25608432.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1061-3749.22.3.461.","DOI":"10.1891\/1061-3749.22.3.461"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1914-5","volume":"18","author":"IB Rodrigues","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues IB, Adachi JD, Beattie KA, MacDermid JC. Development and validation of a new tool to measure the facilitators, barriers and preferences to exercise in people with osteoporosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18(1):540.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"25697_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02340-3","volume":"42","author":"M Qolami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qolami M, Mirzajani A, Ronda-P\u00e9rez E, Cant\u00f3-Sancho N, Segu\u00ed-Crespo M. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the computer vision syndrome questionnaire into Persian (CVS-Q FA\u00a9). Int Ophthalmol. 2022;42(11):3407\u201320.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"25697_CR44","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford; 2023."},{"issue":"08","key":"25697_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2018.98126","volume":"9","author":"TA Kyriazos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kyriazos TA. Applied psychometrics: sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology. 2018;9(08):2207.","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"25697_CR46","unstructured":"Costello AB, Osborne J. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation. 2005 Jan 2;10(1)."},{"key":"25697_CR47","unstructured":"Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. \"Multivariate data analysis 6th Edition.\" (2006)."},{"key":"25697_CR48","unstructured":"Han L, Abdul Rahman MN. Development and Validation of the Children\u2019s Approaches to Learning Questionnaire from Parent Ratings in China: L. Han, MNA Rahman. International Journal of Early Childhood. 2025 Jun 24:1\u201327."},{"issue":"5","key":"25697_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.55214\/25768484.v9i5.6929","volume":"9","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Maruod W. Comparative analysis of varimax and Promax rotation methods in exploratory factor analysis. Edelweiss Appl Sci Technol. 2025;9(5):501\u201313.","journal-title":"Edelweiss Appl Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35900-3","volume":"13","author":"RMX Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu RMX, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Shafiabady N, Yan W, et al. An FSV analysis approach to verify the robustness of the triple-correlation analysis theoretical framework. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):9621.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"25697_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-023-09871-y","volume":"41","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Cooper-Thomas HD, Lau RS, Wang LC. Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: a review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pac J Manage. 2024;41(2):745\u201383.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Manage"},{"key":"25697_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","volume":"2","author":"M Tavakol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of cronbach\u2019s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Med Educ"},{"key":"25697_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203502594","volume-title":"Measures of interobserver agreement and reliability","author":"MM Shoukri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shoukri MM. Measures of interobserver agreement and reliability. CRC; 2003."},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2024.49.e3","volume":"49","author":"MA Bujang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bujang MA, Omar ED, Foo DHP, Hon YK. Sample size determination for conducting a pilot study to assess reliability of a questionnaire. Restor Dent Endod. 2024;49(1):e3.","journal-title":"Restor Dent Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"25697_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155\u201363.","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"25697_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bujang MA, Omar ED, Foo DHP, Hon YK. Sample size determination for conducting a pilot study to assess reliability of a questionnaire. Restor Dent Endod. 2024;49(1).","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2024.49.e3"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10165-8","volume":"23","author":"J Sigudla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sigudla J, Maritz JE. Exploratory factor analysis of constructs used for investigating research uptake for public healthcare practice and policy in a resource-limited setting, South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23(1):1423.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"25697_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945914537565","volume":"37","author":"PE Gendler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gendler PE, Coviak CP, Martin JT, Kim KK, Dankers JK, Barclay JM, Sanchez TA. Revision of the osteoporosis knowledge test: reliability and validity. West J Nurs Res. 2015;37(12):1623\u201343.","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2013.20.1.25","volume":"20","author":"TH Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim TH, Lee YS, Byun DW, Jang S, Jeon DS, Lee HH. Evaluation of the osteoporosis health belief scale in Korean women. J Bone Metab. 2013;20(1):25\u201330.","journal-title":"J Bone Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"25697_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171231224101","volume":"38","author":"A Jalali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jalali A, Ziapour A, Ezzati E, Kazemi S, Kazeminia M. The impact of training based on the pender health promotion model on self-efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Health Promot. 2024;38(7):918\u201329.","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"2","key":"25697_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.005","volume":"57","author":"SM Cadarette","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cadarette SM, Beaton DE, Hawker GA. Osteoporosis health belief scale: minor changes were required after telephone administration among women. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57(2):154\u201366.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"25697_CR62","first-page":"1292","volume":"22","author":"N Kadam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kadam N, Chiplonkar S, Khadilkar A, Khadilkar V. Low knowledge of osteoporosis and its risk factors in urban Indian adults from Pune city, India. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(7):1292\u20139.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"25697_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-4-17","volume":"4","author":"TM Winzenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Winzenberg TM, Oldenburg B, Frendin S, Jones G. The design of a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure osteoporosis knowledge in women: the osteoporosis knowledge assessment tool (OKAT). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2003;4(1):17.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"25697_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2174\/1874434601812010076","volume":"12","author":"MN Sahib","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahib MN. Validation and assessment of osteoporosis self-efficacy among Iraqi general population. Open Nurs J. 2018;12:76\u201385.","journal-title":"Open Nurs J"},{"issue":"11","key":"25697_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0606-2","volume":"19","author":"BK Weeks","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weeks BK, Beck BR. The BPAQ: a bone-specific physical activity assessment instrument. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(11):1567\u201377.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25697-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25697-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25697-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T19:04:19Z","timestamp":1767467059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25697-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["25697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25697-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2458"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee in Biomedical Research at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code: CT-9376-7416). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. To ensure confidentiality and data protection, all participant data were anonymized immediately after collection by assigning unique identification codes, and all electronic files were stored on a password-protected university server accessible only to the principal investigators. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) guidelines to ensure methodological rigor.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants gave their informed consent to publish data in anonymized form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}