{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:01:57Z","timestamp":1790240517656,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical inactivity is a growing concern among working populations, with implications for health and productivity. Unlike most previous studies, this research draws on large-scale cohort data from Iranian employees to examine the associations with socioeconomic and occupational factors on physical activity, addressing an evidence gap in workforce health inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data collected between 2017 and 2020 from the Employee Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR), a 15-year longitudinal project to identify risk factors of non-communicable diseases. EHCSIR participants are mainly employees affiliated with the Iran University of Medical Sciences and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Of the 4,886 EHCSIR participants, 3,997 with complete physical activity and sociodemographic data were included in the analysis. The data included employee age, gender, marital status, economic status (wealth index), education level, job, and workplace, calculated via principal component analysis (PCA). Physical activity level (i.e., mild, moderate, and vigorous) was measured using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in MET-minutes per week. It was also categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, which recommend at least 150\u00a0min of moderate activity, 75\u00a0min of vigorous activity, or a total of 600 MET-minutes per week for adults. Accordingly, the employees were classified as physically inactive or adequately \/ highly active. The data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models together with fixed-effects and random-effects models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly 64% of employees in Iran did not meet the WHO\u2019s recommendations for physical activity. The mean total physical activity level was 599.2 and 941.8 MET-minutes per week in female and male employees, respectively. The highest percentage of inactive employees was observed in 45-54-year-olds (66.3%), females (67%), married employees (64.7%), Q4 of the wealth index (70.1%), associates (66.2%), office workers (94.8%), and employees working in health centers (67.1%). Physical activity levels varied significantly across age, gender, job type, workplace, and socioeconomic status. Employees in sedentary roles and higher-SES groups were less likely to be physically active, while younger, male, and hospital-based staff showed higher activity levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings reveal structural inequalities in workplace physical activity and underscore the need for targeted health promotion strategies. Several factors may contribute to insufficient physical activity among the participants, including low awareness about the benefits of physical activity, lack of workplace exercise facilities, the high cost of attending fitness classes and other related barriers. Interventions tailored to occupational context\u2014such as PA-friendly environments and flexible scheduling\u2014may help reduce inactivity and improve employee well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25957-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:44:41Z","timestamp":1787791481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between physical activity levels and socioeconomic and occupational factors among a large workforce population: insights from an employee health cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Parisa","family":"Nejati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lida","family":"Nejati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamileh","family":"Abolghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Abbas","family":"Motevalian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"25957_CR1","first-page":"159","volume":"73","author":"D -Masala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Masala D, Mannocci A, Sinopoli A, D\u2019Egidio V, Villari P, La Torre G. Attivit\u00e0 Lavorativa ed attivit\u00e0 fisica: Un binomio inscindibile [physical activity and its importance in the workplace]. Ig Sanita Pubbl. 2017;73(2):159\u201369. PMID: 28617779.","journal-title":"Ig Sanita Pubbl"},{"issue":"5","key":"25957_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.12.008","volume":"52","author":"RL -White","year":"2017","unstructured":"White RL, Babic MJ, Parker PD, Lubans DR, Astell-Burt T, Lonsdale C. Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: a meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(5):653\u201366. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.12.008.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"25957_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1\u00b79 million participants. Lancet Glob Heal. 2018;6(10)e1077-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2214-109x(18)30357-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(18)30357-7"},{"key":"25957_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global action plan on physical activity 2018\u2013 2030: more active people for a healthier world. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. ISBN:9789241514187."},{"key":"25957_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rutter H, Cavill N, Bauman A, Bull F. Systems approaches to global and national physical activity plans. Bulletin of. theWorld Health Organization. 2019; 97(2):162\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.18.220533.","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.18.220533"},{"key":"25957_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0409-3","volume":"13","author":"SFM -Chastin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chastin SFM, De Craemer M, Lien N, Bernaards C, Buck C, Oppert J-M, et al. The SOS-framework (Systems of sedentary behaviours): an international transdisciplinary consensus framework for the study of determinants, research priorities and policy on sedentary behaviour across the life course: a DEDIPAC-study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016;13:83.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"2","key":"25957_CR7","first-page":"135","volume":"1","author":"LM -Powell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Powell LM, Slater S, Chaloupka FJ. The relationship between community physical activity settings and race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Evidence-Based Prev Med. 2004;1(2):135\u201344.","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Prev Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"25957_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132918","volume":"10","author":"M -Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen M, Wu Y, Narimatsu H, et al Socioeconomic status and physical activity in Chinese adults: a report from a community-based survey in Jiaxing, China PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0132918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132918.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"25957_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm2801_4","volume":"28","author":"DK -Wilson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilson DK, Kirtland KA, Ainsworth BE, et al Socioeconomic status and perceptions of access and safety for physical activity Ann Behav Med 2004;28:20\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15324796abm2801_4.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"25957_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3410-5","volume":"16","author":"M -Piirtola","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piirtola M, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, et al Association between education and future leisure-time physical inactivity: a study of Finnish twins over a 35-year follow-up. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3410-5.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"25957_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896906069378","volume":"65","author":"C -Gidlow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gidlow C, Johnston LH, Crone D, Ellis N, James D. Can physical activity compensate for low socioeconomic status with regard to poor-rated health and low quality-of-life? A systematic review of the relationship between socio-economic position and physical activity. Health Educ J. 2016;65:338\u201367.","journal-title":"Health Educ J"},{"key":"25957_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-116","volume":"9","author":"MA - -Beenackers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beenackers MA, Kamphuis CBM, Giskes K, Brug J, Kunst AE, Burdorf A, van Lenthe FJ. Socioeconomic inequalities in occupational, leisure-time, and transport related physical activity among European adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:116.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"25957_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01047.x","volume":"20","author":"R - -Stalsberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stalsberg R, Pedersen AV. Effects of socioeconomic status on the physical activity in adolescents: a systematic review of the evidence. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:368\u201383.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"25957_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X","volume":"5","author":"L -Allen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allen L, Williams J, Townsend N, Mikkelsen B, Roberts N, Foster C, Wickramasinghe K. Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Global Health. 2017;5(3):e277\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X . (17)30058-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"25957_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01039-x","volume":"17","author":"C -SFM","year":"2020","unstructured":"SFM C, Van Cauwenberg J, Maenhout L, et al Inequality in physical activity, global trends by income inequality and gender in adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17:142. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-020-01039-x.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"25957_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050922","volume":"15","author":"R -Stalsberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stalsberg R, Pedersen AV Are differences in physical activity across socioeconomic groups associated with choice of physical activity variables to report? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:922. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15050922.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"25957_CR17","first-page":"9","volume":"1","author":"M Ranjbaran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ranjbaran M, Soori H, Etemad K, Khodadost M. Relationship between socioeconomic status and health status and application of principal component analysis. J Jiroft Univ Med Sci. 2015;1(1):9\u201319. http:\/\/journal.jmu.ac.ir\/article-1-22-en.html.","journal-title":"J Jiroft Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"25957_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.5.2.242","volume":"5","author":"K -Borodulin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Borodulin K, Laatikainen T, Lahti-Koski M, Jousilahti P, Lakka TA. Association of age and education with different types of leisure-time physical activity among 4437 Finnish adults. J Phys Act Health. 2008;5:242\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.5.2.242.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"key":"25957_CR19","first-page":"241","volume":"18","author":"J -\u0141obaszewski","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u0141obaszewski J, Przewo\u017eniak K, Zato\u0144ska K, Wojty\u0142a A, Bylina J, Ma\u0144czuk M. Zato\u0144ski W.A. Patterns of leisure time physical activity and its determinants among a sample of adults from Kielce Region, Poland\u2014The \u2018PONS\u2019 study. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011;18:241\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"25957_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206320940413","volume":"47","author":"C -Calderwood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calderwood C, ten Brummelhuis LL, Patel AS, Watkins T, Gabriel AS, Rosen CC Employee physical activity: a multidisciplinary integrative review. J Manag. 2021;47(1):144\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206320940413.","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"key":"25957_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029213","volume":"17","author":"LL -Brummelhuis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brummelhuis LL, Bakker AB. Staying engaged during the week: the effect of off-job activities on next day work engagement. J Occup Health Psychol. 2012;17:445\u201355.","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"25957_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"John JC, Sharma SV, Hoelscher D, Swartz MD, Huber C, Self-efficacy. social-support, and physical activity measures among hospital employees: a multisite cross-sectional study. J Phys Act Health. 2020; 17(5):548\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2018-0561 . PMID: 32272452.","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2018-0561"},{"key":"25957_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Torquati L, Pavey T, Kolbe-Alexander T, Leveritt M. Promoting diet and physical activity in nurses. Am J Health Promot. 2017;31(1):19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4278\/ajhp.141107-LIT-562 . PMID: 26389980.","DOI":"10.4278\/ajhp.141107-LIT-562"},{"issue":"1","key":"25957_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4240-1","volume":"12","author":"M -Saridi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saridi M, Filippopoulou T, Tzitzikos G, Sarafis P, Souliotis K, Karakatsani D. Correlating physical activity and quality of life of healthcare workers. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-019-4240-1 . PMID: 30947739; PMCID: PMC6449892.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"25957_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.07.037","volume":"67","author":"A -Rongen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rongen A, Robroek S, Burdorf A. The importance of internal health beliefs for employees\u2019 participation in health promotion programs Prev Med. 2014;67:330\u20134. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.07.037.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"25957_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.10.006","volume":"55","author":"J -Lahti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lahti J, Lahelma E, Rahkonen O. Changes in leisure-time physical activity and subsequent sickness absence: a prospective cohort study among middle-aged employees. Prev Med. 2012;55:618\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.10.006.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"25957_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2001.0003","volume":"38","author":"D -Filmer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Filmer D, Pritchett LH. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data\u2014or tears: an application to educational enrollments in States of India. Demography. 2001;38(1):115\u201332.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"8","key":"25957_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","volume":"35","author":"CL -Craig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, Oja P. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"25957_CR29","volume-title":"Global recommendations on physical activity for health","author":"-World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: WHO. 2010."},{"key":"25957_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.03.004","volume":"6","author":"MC -Kao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kao MC, Jarosz R, Goldin M, Patel A, Smuck M Determinants of physical activity in america: a first characterization of physical activity profile using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). PM&R. 2014;6:882\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.03.004.","journal-title":"PM&amp;R"},{"issue":"5","key":"25957_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0285620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285620","volume":"18","author":"M -Khoramrooz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khoramrooz M, Zare F, Sadeghian F, Dadgari A, Chaman R, Mirrezaie SM. Socioeconomic inequalities in employees\u2019 health-enhancing physical activity: evidence from the SHAHWAR cohort study in Iran. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(5):e0285620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285620 . PMID: 37186583; PMCID: PMC10184902.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"25957_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.08.003","volume":"19","author":"L -Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun L, Jiang X, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Shang L. Physical activity level and associated factors among civil servants in Xi\u2019an, China. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(8):647\u201353. Epub 2015 Aug 31. PMID: 26363728.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"23","key":"25957_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234884","volume":"15","author":"M -Schauer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schauer M, Motevalli M, Tanous D, Mair S, Burtscher M, Wirnitzer K. The association of physical activity level with micronutrient and health status of Austrian bank employees. Nutrients. 2023;15(23):4884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15234884 . PMID: 38068742; PMCID: PMC10708120.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"25957_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2010.513074","volume":"59","author":"T -Egli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Egli T, Bland HW, Melton BF, Czech DR. Influence of age, sex, and race on college students\u2019 exercise motivation of physical activity. J Am Coll Health. 2011;59(5):399\u2013406. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2010.513074.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"25957_CR35","first-page":"15","volume":"22","author":"RC -Colley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Colley RC, Garriguet D, Janssen I, Craig CL, Clarke J, Tremblay MS. Physical activity of Canadian children and youth: accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian health measures survey. Health Rep. 2011;22:15\u201323.","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"25957_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq272","volume":"40","author":"SC -Dumith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dumith SC, Gigante DP, Domingues MR, Kohl HW. Physical activity changes during adolescence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:685\u201398. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyq272.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"25957_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23018","volume":"547","author":"T -Althoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Althoff T, Sosi\u010d R, Hicks JL, King AC, Delp SL, Leskovec J. Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality. Nature. 2017;547:336\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"25957_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-10-116","volume":"10","author":"CD -Ranasinghe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ranasinghe CD, Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R, Misra A Physical activity patterns among South-Asian adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10:116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1479-5868-10-116.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"25957_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0529-3","volume":"59","author":"J -Koohpayehzadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koohpayehzadeh J, Etemad K, Abbasi M, et al. Gender-specific changes in physical activity pattern in Iran: national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases (2007\u20132011). Int J Public Health. 2014;59:231\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"25957_CR40","unstructured":"GlobalObservatory for Physical Activity (GoPA). Country Cards. 2018. http:\/\/www.globalphysicalactivityobservatory.com\/country-cards\/."},{"issue":"10","key":"25957_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","volume":"6","author":"R -Guthold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1\u00b79 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(10):e1077\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"25957_CR42","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Physical activity and women. WHO. 2013. Avaliable at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/."},{"issue":"16","key":"25957_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165947","volume":"17","author":"H -Abu Saad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abu Saad H, Low PK, Jamaluddin R, Chee HP. Level of physical activity and its associated factors among primary healthcare workers in Perak. Malaysia Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(16):5947. PMID:32824361.","journal-title":"Malaysia Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"25957_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17795\/whb-31886","volume":"3","author":"SH -Zamani Sani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zamani Sani SH, Eskandarnejad M, Fathirezaie Z. Body image, perceived physical fitness, physical activity, body mass index and age in women. Women\u2019s Health Bull. 2016;3(3):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Bull"},{"key":"25957_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadrollahi A, Hosseinian M, Alavi NM, Khalili Z, Esalatmanesh S. Physical activity patterns in the elderly Kashan population. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(6). PMID: 27621923.","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.25008"},{"issue":"2","key":"25957_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648231203124","volume":"43","author":"S -Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan S, Elam KK, Johnston JD, Chow A The influence of marriage and cohabitation on physical activity among middle-aged and older people. J Appl Gerontol. 2023;43(2):139\u201348. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07334648231203124.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"key":"25957_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1429-7","volume":"15","author":"K -Molanorouzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Molanorouzi K, Khoo S, Morris T. Motives for adult participation in physical activity: type of activity, age, and gender. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1429-7.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"25957_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13024-z","volume":"22","author":"LL -Landais","year":"2022","unstructured":"Landais LL, Jelsma JGM, Dotinga IR, et al. Office workers\u2019 perspectives on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:621. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13024-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"25957_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel P, Bailey. Sedentary behaviour in the workplace: prevalence, health implications and interventions, British Medical Bulletin, 137, issue 1, March 2021, Pages 42\u201350, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa039","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa039"},{"key":"25957_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11083-2","volume":"21","author":"V -Blom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blom V, Drake E, Kallings LV, et al The effects on self-efficacy, motivation and perceived barriers of an intervention targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviours in office workers: a cluster randomized control trial. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11083-2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"25957_CR51","first-page":"466","volume":"3","author":"J -Shahlaee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahlaee J, Nasiri A. Analysis of the level of physical activity of university faculty members during the coronavirus pandemic. JNSSM. 2022;3(2):466\u201373.","journal-title":"JNSSM"},{"issue":"1","key":"25957_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010158","volume":"19","author":"V -Kljajevi\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kljajevi\u0107 V, Stankovi\u0107 M, \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107 D, Trkulja-Petkovi\u0107 D, Jovanovi\u0107 R, Plazibat K, Or\u0161oli\u0107 M, \u010curi\u0107 M, Spori\u0161 G. Physical activity and physical fitness among university students\u2014a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19010158.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"25957_CR53","volume-title":"Global recommendation on physical activity for health","author":"-World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global recommendation on physical activity for health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2015."},{"key":"25957_CR54","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/health.gov\/paguidelines\/secondedition\/pdf\/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf."},{"key":"25957_CR55","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2020. ISBN: 9789240015128."},{"key":"25957_CR56","unstructured":"Liguori G, American College of Sports Medicine. &. 2021. ACSM\u2019s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (11th edition). Wolters Kluwer."},{"key":"25957_CR57","unstructured":"American Heart Association. Recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids. 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"25957_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4236\/ape.2021.112012","volume":"11","author":"A -Safi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Safi A, Cole M, Kelly AL, Walker NC. An evaluation of physical activity levels amongst university employees. Adv Phys Educ. 2021;11(2):158\u201371. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ape.2021.112012.","journal-title":"Adv Phys Educ"},{"issue":"11","key":"25957_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05411","volume":"6","author":"H -Amini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amini H, Isanejad A, Chamani N, Movahedi-Fard F, Salimi F, Moezi M, Habibi S. Physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic in the Iranian population: a brief report. Heliyon. 2020;6(11):e05411. PMID: 33163638; PMCID: PMC7605807.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"25957_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Urbaniak-BrekkeAM, Pluta B, Krzyka\u0142a M, Andrzejewski M. Physical activity of Polish and Norwegian local communities in the context of self-government authorities\u2019 projects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019: 15; 16(10). pii: E1710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16101710.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101710"},{"key":"25957_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375817","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1375817","volume":"12","author":"S -Amatori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amatori S, Gobbi E, Sisti D, Pivato G, Giombini G, Rombaldoni R, Calcagnini G, Rocchi MBL, Perroni F. Physical activity, musculoskeletal disorders, burnout, and work engagement: a cross-sectional study on Italian white-collar employees. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1375817. PMID: 38746006; PMCID: PMC11091297.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"25957_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schneider S, Becker S. Prevalence of physical activity among the working population and correlation with work-related factors: results from the first German National Health Survey. J Occup Health. 2005; 47(5):414\u2009\u2013\u200923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1539\/joh.47.414 . PMID: 16230835.","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.47.414"},{"key":"25957_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00963-7","volume":"80","author":"S -Hoveidamanesh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoveidamanesh S, Tayefi B, Rampisheh Z, et al Factors affecting the physical activity of healthcare workers of Iran university of medical sciences: a qualitative study. Arch Public Health. 2022;80:214. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-022-00963-7.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"25957_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWHM-03-2013-0013","volume":"7","author":"C -Jackson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jackson C, Lewis K, Conner M, Lawton R, McEachan RC Are incremental changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours associated with improved employee health? A 12-month prospective study in five organisations. Int J Workplace Health Manage. 2014;7:16\u201339. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJWHM-03-2013-0013.","journal-title":"Int J Workplace Health Manage"},{"key":"25957_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdu114","volume":"38","author":"SA -Clemes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clemes SA, Houdmont J, Munir F, Wilson K, Kerr R, Addley K Descriptive epidemiology of domain-specific sitting in working adults: the Stormont study. J Public Health. 2015;38:53\u201360. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdu114.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"25957_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edge CE, Cooper AM, Coffey M Barriers and facilitators to extended working lives in europe: a gender focus. Public Health Rev. 2017;38(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40985-017-0053-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-017-0053-8"},{"key":"25957_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-007-9154-x","volume":"22","author":"YT -Lagerros","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lagerros YT, Lagiou P. Assessment of physical activity and energy expenditure in epidemiological research of chronic diseases. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22:353\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25957-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25957-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25957-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:18:17Z","timestamp":1790237897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25957-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["25957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25957-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Protocol of this study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences with the ethical code IR.IUMS.REC.1399.219. All participants in the 15-year cohort study were enrolled through informed consent, and written consent was obtained from each individual. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and national research ethics guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2677"}}