{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:37:25Z","timestamp":1792787845320,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Startup","award":["24K23707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K23707"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-26232-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T04:15:58Z","timestamp":1770437758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social physical activity and sedentary behaviour as key determinants of humour expression and loneliness in older adults: a cross-sectional study using bayesian variable selection approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Keishi","family":"Soga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akari","family":"Uno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuji","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Kamijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Taki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"26232_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e067068","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067068","volume":"376","author":"DL Surkalim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Surkalim DL, Luo M, Eres R, et al. The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022;376:e067068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2021-067068.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"26232_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12506","volume":"48","author":"L Newmyer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Newmyer L, Verdery AM, Wang H, et al. Population aging, demographic metabolism, and the rising tide of late middle age to older adult loneliness around the world. Popul Dev Rev. 2022;48:829\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/padr.12506.","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"26232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.08.005","volume":"28","author":"NJ Donovan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Donovan NJ, Blazer D. Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: review and commentary of a National academies report. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28:1233\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.08.005.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"26232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-6566(02)00534-2","volume":"37","author":"RA Martin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin RA, Puhlik-Doris P, Larsen G, et al. Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: development of the humor styles questionnaire. J Res Pers. 2003;37:48\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0092-6566(02)00534-2.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"26232_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/15401383.2024.2304605","volume":"19","author":"J Goodwin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goodwin J, O\u2019Malley M, McCarthy K. How do mental health professionals use humor? A systematic review. J Creat Ment Health. 2024;19:673\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15401383.2024.2304605.","journal-title":"J Creat Ment Health"},{"key":"26232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphys.2021.04.002","volume":"4","author":"NS Akimbekov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akimbekov NS, Razzaque MS. Laughter therapy: A humor-induced hormonal intervention to reduce stress and anxiety. Curr Res Physiol. 2021;4:135\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crphys.2021.04.002.","journal-title":"Curr Res Physiol"},{"key":"26232_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Froehlich E, Madipakkam AR, Craffonara B et al A short humorous intervention protects against subsequent psychological stress and attenuates cortisol levels without affecting attention. Sci Rep. 2021;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-86527-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86527-1"},{"key":"26232_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.5407","volume":"18","author":"JA Schermer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schermer JA, Rogoza R, Brankovi\u0107 M, et al. Humor styles are related to loneliness across 15 countries. Eur J Psychol. 2022;18:422\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5964\/ejop.5407.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol"},{"key":"26232_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","volume":"64","author":"A Diamond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:135\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"26232_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060280","volume":"12","author":"J Uekermann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Uekermann J, Channon S, Daum I. Humor processing, mentalizing, and executive function in normal aging. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2006;12:184\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617706060280.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"26232_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770396005X","volume":"9","author":"P Shammi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shammi P, Stuss DT. The effects of normal aging on humor appreciation. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003;9:855\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S135561770396005X.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"26232_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/85076","volume":"4","author":"V Goel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goel V, Dolan RJ. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4:237\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/85076.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"26232_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.12.014","volume":"18","author":"SJ Gilbert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilbert SJ, Burgess PW. Executive function. Curr Biol. 2008;18:R110\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2007.12.014.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"26232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16191","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00295-w","volume":"42","author":"L Bischetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bischetti L, Ceccato I, Lecce S, et al. Pragmatics and theory of Mind in older adults\u2019 humor comprehension. Curr Psychol. 2023;42:16191\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-019-00295-w.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"26232_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000300","volume":"50","author":"S Ludyga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ludyga S, Ishihara T, Kamijo K. The nervous system as a pathway for exercise to improve social cognition. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2022;50:203\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JES.0000000000000300.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"26232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbas.2022.100036","volume":"2","author":"MA Gogniat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gogniat MA, Robinson TL, Jean KR, et al. Physical activity moderates the association between executive function and functional connectivity in older adults. Aging Brain. 2022;2:100036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbas.2022.100036.","journal-title":"Aging Brain"},{"key":"26232_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2354285","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54285","volume":"7","author":"P Iso-Markku","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iso-Markku P, Aaltonen S, Kujala UM, et al. Physical activity and cognitive decline among older adults: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2354285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54285.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"26232_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14412","volume":"33","author":"JJ Mitchell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitchell JJ, Hamer M, Blodgett JM, et al. Associations between sporting physical activity and cognition in mid and later-life: evidence from two cohorts. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023;33:1570\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14412.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"26232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095551","volume":"51","author":"R Falck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falck R, Davis JC, Liu-Ambrose T. What is the association between sedentary behaviour and cognitive function? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016;51:800\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095551.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"26232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984x.2016.1177849","volume":"9","author":"F Pels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pels F, Kleinert J. Loneliness and physical activity: A systematic review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2016;9:231\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984x.2016.1177849.","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"26232_CR21","unstructured":"Cross. Marketing Inc. https:\/\/www.cross-m.co.jp\/en\/"},{"key":"26232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.18991\/warai.19.0_56","volume":"19","author":"K Yoshida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoshida K. Development of a Japanese humor style Questionnaire - this is the english translation of \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248\u30e6\u30fc\u30e2\u30a2\u30b9\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u8cea\u554f\u7d19\u306e\u4f5c\u6210. Japanese J Laughter Humor Res. 2012;19:56\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18991\/warai.19.0_56.","journal-title":"Japanese J Laughter Humor Res"},{"key":"26232_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.18991\/warai.26.0_74","volume":"26","author":"A Hongo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hongo A, Development. Reliability, and validity of the humor coping scale: examining its discriminant validity with humor Styles - this is the english translation of \u30e6\u30fc\u30e2\u30a2\u30b3\u30fc\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u5c3a\u5ea6\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u3068\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u30fb\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u53ca\u3073\u30e6\u30fc\u30e2\u30a2\u30b9\u30bf\u30a4\u30eb\u3068\u306e\u5f01\u5225\u6027\u306e\u691c\u8a0e. Japanese J Laughter Humor Res. 2019;26:74\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18991\/warai.26.0_74.","journal-title":"Japanese J Laughter Humor Res"},{"key":"26232_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.20746\/jachn.15.1_25","volume":"15","author":"Y Masuda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Masuda Y, Tadaka E, Dai Y. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the UCLA loneliness scale version 3 among the older population. Japan Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;15:25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20746\/jachn.15.1_25.","journal-title":"Japan Acad Community Health Nurs"},{"key":"26232_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.6.6.790","volume":"6","author":"FC Bull","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bull FC, Maslin TS, Armstrong T. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. J Phys Act Health. 2009;6:790\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.6.6.790.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"key":"26232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00661-z","volume":"17","author":"Y Zuo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zuo Y, Ma Y, Zhang M, et al. The impact of sharing physical activity experience on social network sites on residents\u2019 social connectedness:a cross-sectional survey during COVID-19 social quarantine. Global Health. 2021;17:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-021-00661-z.","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"26232_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.10.006","volume":"29","author":"AM Mays","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mays AM, Kim S, Rosales K, et al. The leveraging exercise to age in place (LEAP) study: engaging older adults in community-based exercise classes to impact loneliness and social isolation. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;29:777\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.10.006.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"26232_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610224000504","volume":"36","author":"Z Torres","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torres Z, Tom\u00e1s JM, Sentandreu-Ma\u00f1\u00f3 T, et al. Social participation, loneliness, and physical inactivity over time: evidence from SHARE. Int Psychogeriatr. 2024;36:799\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610224000504.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"26232_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16496","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408456102","volume":"102","author":"E Azim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Azim E, Mobbs D, Jo B, et al. Sex differences in brain activation elicited by humor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:16496\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0408456102.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"26232_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.01.023","volume":"55","author":"KTH Dyck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dyck KTH, Holtzman S. Understanding humor styles and well-being: the importance of social relationships and gender. Pers Individ Dif. 2013;55:53\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2013.01.023.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"26232_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-012-0216-x","volume":"9","author":"V Carayanni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carayanni V, Stylianopoulou C, Koulierakis G, et al. Sex differences in depression among older adults: are older women more vulnerable than men in social risk factors? The case of open care centers for older people in Greece. Eur J Ageing. 2012;9:177\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10433-012-0216-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"26232_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2007.17","volume":"65","author":"LC Barry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barry LC, Allore HG, Guo Z, et al. Higher burden of depression among older women: the effect of onset, persistence, and mortality over time: the effect of onset, persistence, and mortality over time. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:172\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2007.17.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"26232_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110066","volume":"169","author":"M Barreto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barreto M, Victor C, Hammond C, et al. Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;169:110066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110066.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"26232_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039363","volume":"11","author":"M Nagai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagai M, Ohira T, Shirai K, et al. Does variety of social interactions associate with frequency of laughter among older people? The JAGES cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e039363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039363.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"26232_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ishihara T, Hashimoto S, Tamba N et al The links between physical activity and prosocial behavior: an fNIRS hyperscanning study. Cereb Cortex. 2024;34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhad509.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad509"},{"key":"26232_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206319850280","volume":"45","author":"ED Heggestad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heggestad ED, Scheaf DJ, Banks GC, et al. Scale adaptation in organizational science research: A review and best-practice recommendations. J Manage. 2019;45:2596\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206319850280.","journal-title":"J Manage"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26232-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26232-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26232-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:54:28Z","timestamp":1773226468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26232-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26232-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7135619\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Medicine at Tohoku University. All participants read a comprehensive explanation of the study procedures and provided electronic informed consent before participation. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain data from any individual person that would require consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"866"}}