{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:57:46Z","timestamp":1781632666102,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008131","name":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing workload faced by general practitioners (GPs) and practice assistants (PrAs) contributes to chronic stress and heightens the risk of depression. Various work-related factors, including work-privacy conflict (WPC), may further exacerbate this risk. This study explores the role of work-related factors, focusing on WPC, as mediators in the association between perceived chronic stress and the risk of incident depression among German GP practice personnel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 366 German GPs and PrAs using baseline and follow-up data from the IMPROVE\n                      <jats:italic>job<\/jats:italic>\n                      trial. We assessed the risk of incident depression (Cut-off =\u200950) through changes in the World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5) and measured perceived chronic stress using the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress Screening Scale (TICS-SSCS). Work-related factors were evaluated, with a specific focus on WPC, using the corresponding scale from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III). A causal mediation analysis was performed to examine how work-related factors mediate the effect of perceived chronic stress on depression risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increased perceived chronic stress was observed in 43.64% of participants, while 56.36% reported stable or decreased stress levels from baseline to follow-up. This increase in perceived chronic stress was associated with heightened reported work-privacy conflict (\u03b2\u2009=\u20098.99,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), though higher baseline levels of work-privacy conflict appeared to mitigate this effect (\u03b2 = -0.35,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Reported Work-privacy conflict increased for 43.22% of participants, remained stable for 28.39%, and decreased for another 28.39%. Moreover, heightened reported work-privacy conflict correlated with a greater risk of incident depression (logit \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.20,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015; OR\u2009=\u20091.02 per point, 1.22 per 10-point increase), with baseline conflict levels showing smaller subsequent increases (\u03b2 = -0.35,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), likely reflecting regression to the mean\/ceiling effect. The risk of incident depression was identified in 19.49% of participants, while 80.51% did not develop depressive symptoms. Causal mediation analysis further revealed that work-privacy conflict partially mediate the relationship between chronic stress and the risk of incident depression, with both a direct effect (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\:\\zeta\\:$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      = 0.17,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and a mediation effect (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\:{{\\updelta\\:}}_{i}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      = 0.03,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.020) contributing to this association. Additionally, no significant associations were found between personal or work-related factors (e.g., age, gender, work time) and incident depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study emphasizes the need to address work-privacy conflict as a key factor in reducing the mental health burden associated by chronic stress among general practice personnel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-26366-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T02:15:20Z","timestamp":1769825720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effects of perceived chronic stress and work-related factors on the risk of incident depression among German general practice personnel: a causal pathway approach using IMPROVEjob study data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Arezoo","family":"Bozorgmehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"G\u00f6bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Aretz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitta","family":"Weltermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"26366_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-13-205","volume":"13","author":"E Hummers-Pradier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hummers-Pradier E, Bleidorn J, Schmiemann G, Joos S, Becker A, Altiner A, et al. 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The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the IMPROVEjob intervention in improving job satisfaction, measured by the German version of the COPSOQ 2018. Baseline data were collected immediately before the start of the nine-month intervention, with follow-up data collected at the end of the intervention period.The study complies with the ethical principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn (reference number 057\/19, 20 February 2019), as well as by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Association North-Rhine (Lfd-Nr.: 2019107) and the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Tuebingen (Project-No.: 446\/2019BO2). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00012677. Registered on 16 October 2019. Retrospectively\n                      \n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participating practice team members received written information and signed informed consent forms are stored at the Institute for General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"726"}}