{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:47:46Z","timestamp":1788266866847,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37CA259156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37CA259156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the United States (U.S.). CRC screening (CRCS) is an important method of cancer prevention and early detection, but often receives less public attention than other cancer and screening types. Regular CRCS is recommended for most individuals aged 45\u201375, though screening rates are lower than desired in the U.S. Despite similar screening rates, Black Americans experience a variety of CRC-related disparities including higher incidence and mortality rates in the United States. Research suggests Black Americans often do not receive timely follow ups to stool-based screening tests and receive lower quality endoscopic care. Effective public health communication strategies are needed to improve CRCS rates, particularly among populations experiencing disparities. The current study tests the ability of a novel approach to content generation and selection (crowdsourcing) to identify effective public health communication content.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This protocol is for a five-arm, online, randomized controlled trial testing different CRCS content types among white and Black\/African Americans. In total, 2,000 non-Hispanic Black (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,000) and white (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,000) Americans will be recruited into the trial, randomized into one of five conditions. The five conditions are based on content rankings and preferences from our previous work: (1) overall preferred content, (2) Black American preferred content, (3) white American preferred content, (4) median ranked content (i.e., \u201cstandard of care\u201d), and (5) control\/no exposure to content. The primary outcomes are intentions to adhere to CRCS recommendations and screening preferences for intentions to adhere. Secondary outcomes include likelihood of sharing information via social media and information sharing behavior. Comparisons will be examined for differences in outcomes as hypothesized, with exploratory analyses undertaken as well. The study is powered to detect a small effect, which is expected based on past research.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trial aims to determine the effectiveness of crowdsource-selected CRCS messages to improve screening intentions and likelihood of sharing information via social media. This trial takes an important step in testing an innovative and scalable approach to identify and select content to be disseminated by public health communicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT06712901.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-26440-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T08:25:50Z","timestamp":1769847950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Testing the effects of segmented crowdsource-selected messages to improve intentions to follow colorectal cancer screening recommendations: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andy J.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Kanrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rumi","family":"Chunara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Margolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Nettleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Niederdeppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"26440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21772","volume":"73","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Wagle NS, Cercek A, Smith RA, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(3):233\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21772.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"26440_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","volume":"74","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Giaquinto AN, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(1):12\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21820.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"26440_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107327481982582","DOI":"10.1177\/1073274819825826","volume":"26","author":"SC Vos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vos SC, Sutton J, Gibson CB, Butts CT. Celebrity cancer on twitter: mapping a novel opportunity for cancer prevention. Cancer Control. 2019;26(1):1073274819825826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073274819825826.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"26440_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5205","volume":"2","author":"S Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu S, Markson C, Costello KL, Xing CY, Demissie K, Llanos AA. Leveraging social media to promote public health knowledge: example of cancer awareness via Twitter. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2016;2(1):e17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/publichealth.5205.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"11","key":"26440_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21582","DOI":"10.2196\/21582","volume":"22","author":"R Plackett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Plackett R, Kaushal A, Kassianos AP, Cross A, Lewins D, Sheringham J, Waller J, von Wagner C. Use of social media to promote cancer screening and early diagnosis: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(11):e21582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/21582.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"26440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.07.012","volume":"44","author":"JE Stryker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stryker JE, Emmons KM, Viswanath K. Uncovering differences across the cancer control continuum: a comparison of ethnic and mainstream cancer newspaper stories. Prev Med. 2007;44(1):20\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.07.012.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"26440_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyl163","volume":"23","author":"CM Moriarty","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moriarty CM, Stryker JE. Prevention and screening efficacy messages in newspaper accounts of cancer. Health Educ Res. 2008;23(3):487\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/her\/cyl163.","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"26440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.6238","volume":"325","author":"KW Davidson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM, Donahue KE, Doubeni CA, Krist AH, Kubik M, Li L, Ogedegbe G, Owens DK, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Stevermer J, Tseng CW, Wong JB. Screening for colorectal cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1965\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.6238.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"26440_CR9","unstructured":"Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Increase the proportion of adults who get screened for colorectal cancer\u2014C-07 Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/odphp.health.gov\/healthypeople\/objectives-and-data\/browse-objectives\/cancer\/increase-proportion-adults-who-get-screened-colorectal-cancer-c-07."},{"issue":"12","key":"26440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1154","volume":"166","author":"SA Fedewa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fedewa SA, Flanders WD, Ward KC, Lin CC, Jemal A, Sauer AG, Doubeni CA, Goodman M. Racial and ethnic disparities in interval colorectal cancer incidence: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(12):857\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M16-1154.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"26440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq068","volume":"102","author":"AO Laiyemo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laiyemo AO, Doubeni C, Pinsky PF, Doria-Rose VP, Bresalier R, Lamerato LE, Crawford ED, Kvale P, Fouad M, Hickey T, Riley T, Weissfeld J, Schoen RE, Marcus PM, Prorok PC, Berg CD. Race and colorectal cancer disparities: health-care utilization vs different cancer susceptibilities. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(8):538\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djq068.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"5","key":"26440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-017-0339-2","volume":"42","author":"LB Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adams LB, Richmond J, Corbie-Smith G, Powell W. Medical mistrust and colorectal cancer screening among African Americans. J Community Health. 2017;42(5):1044\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-017-0339-2.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"26440_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.36","volume":"7","author":"R Williams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams R, White P, Nieto J, Vieira D, Francois F, Hamilton F. Colorectal cancer in African americans: an update. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2016;7(7):e185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ctg.2016.36.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"26440_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2020.1849569","volume":"27","author":"CR Rogers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rogers CR, Rogers TN, Matthews P, Le Duc N, Zickmund S, Powell W, Thorpe RJ Jr., McKoy A, Davis FA, Okuyemi K, Paskett ED, Griffith DM. Psychosocial determinants of colorectal cancer screening uptake among African-American men: Understanding the role of masculine role norms, medical mistrust, and normative support. Ethn Health. 2022;27(5):1103\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13557858.2020.1849569.","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"26440_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101681","volume":"25","author":"X Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu X, Weiser E, Jacobson DJ, Griffin JM, Limburg PJ, Finney Rutten LJ. Provider-perceived barriers to patient adherence to colorectal cancer screening. Prev Med Rep. 2021;25:101681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101681.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"26440_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-020-00776-0","volume":"22","author":"PM White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White PM, Itzkowitz SH. Barriers driving Racial disparities in colorectal cancer screening in African Americans. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2020;22(8):41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11894-020-00776-0.","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"26440_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.251","volume":"162","author":"CM Rutter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rutter CM, May FP, Coronado GD, Pujol TA, Thomas EG, Cabreros I. Racism is a modifiable risk factor: relationships among race, ethnicity, and colorectal cancer outcomes. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(4):1053\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.251.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"23","key":"26440_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16865","volume":"320","author":"WYS Chou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chou WYS, Oh A, Klein WMP. Addressing health-related misinformation on social media. JAMA. 2018;320(23):2417\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.16865.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"26440_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17187","DOI":"10.2196\/17187","volume":"23","author":"V Suarez-Lledo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suarez-Lledo V, Alvarez-Galvez J. Prevalence of health misinformation on social media: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(1):e17187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/17187.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"26440_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094127","volume":"41","author":"B Swire-Thompson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swire-Thompson B, Lazer D. Public health and online misinformation: challenges and recommendations. Annu Rev Public Health. 2020;41:433\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094127.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"26440_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2024.2397268","author":"J Ka\u0148kov\u00e1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ka\u0148kov\u00e1 J, Binder A, Matthes J. Health-related communication of social media influencers: a scoping review. Health Commun. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2024.2397268.","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"26440_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000978","volume":"40","author":"LD Scherer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scherer LD, McPhetres J, Pennycook G, Kempe A, Allen LA, Knoepke CE, Tate CE, Matlock DD. Who is susceptible to online health misinformation? A test of four psychosocial hypotheses. Health Psychol. 2021;40(4):274\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0000978.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"26440_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djab141","volume":"114","author":"SB Johnson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johnson SB, Parsons M, Dorff T, Moran MS, Ward JH, Cohen SA, Akerley W, Bauman J, Hubbard J, Spratt DE, Bylund CL, Swire-Thompson B, Onega T, Scherer LD, Tward J, Fagerlin A. Cancer misinformation and harmful information on Facebook and other social media: a brief report. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2022;114(7):1036\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djab141.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"8","key":"26440_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33380","volume":"127","author":"EL Warner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warner EL, Waters AR, Cloyes KG, Ellington L, Kirchhoff AC. Young adult cancer caregivers\u2019 exposure to cancer misinformation on social media. Cancer. 2021;127(8):1318\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.33380.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"26440_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17832-3","volume":"24","author":"E Rydz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rydz E, Telfer J, Quinn EK, Fazel SS, Holmes E, Pennycook G, Peters CE. Canadians\u2019 knowledge of cancer risk factors and belief in cancer Myths. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17832-3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6380","key":"26440_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","volume":"359","author":"S Vosoughi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S. The spread of true and false news online. Science. 2018;359(6380):1146\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aap9559.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"26440_CR27","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Making health communication programs work, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; 2009. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/publications\/health-communication\/pink-book.pdf."},{"key":"26440_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664160","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.664160","volume":"12","author":"DJ O\u2019Keefe","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe DJ, Hoeken H. Message design choices don\u2019t make much difference to persuasiveness and can\u2019t be counted on \u2013 not even when moderating conditions are specified. Front Psychol. 2021;12:664160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.664160.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"26440_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37862","DOI":"10.2196\/37862","volume":"10","author":"C Tong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tong C, Margolin D, Chunara R, Niederdeppe J, Taylor T, Dunbar N, King AJ. Search term identification methods for computational health communication: word embedding and network approach for health content on YouTube. JMIR Med Inf. 2022;10(8):e37862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/37862.","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inf"},{"key":"26440_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.108022","volume":"185","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu J, Niederdeppe J, Tong C, Margolin D, Chunara R, Smith T, King AJ. Associations between news coverage, social media discussions, and search trends about celebrity deaths, screening, and other colorectal cancer-related events. Prev Med. 2024;185:108022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.108022.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"26440_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107728","volume":"177","author":"AJ King","year":"2023","unstructured":"King AJ, Dunbar NM, Margolin D, Chunara R, Tong C, Jih-Vieira L, Matsen CB, Niederdppe J. Global prevalence and content of information about alcohol use as a cancer risk factor on Twitter. Prev Med. 2023;177:107728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107728.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"26440_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"BrabhamDC, Crowdsourcing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/9693.001.0001.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9693.001.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"26440_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0622-9","volume":"9","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang C, Han L, Stein G, Day S, Bien-Gund C, Mathews A, Ong JJ, Zhao PZ, Wei SF, Walker J, Chou R, Lee A, Chen A, Bayus B, Tucker JD. Crowdsourcing in health and medical research: a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-020-0622-9.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"26440_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chunara R. New data paradigms: from the crowd and back. In: Nie JY, Obradovic Z, Suzumura T, Ghosh R, Nambiar R, Wang C, Zang H, Baeza-Yates R, Hu X, Kepner J, Cuzzocrea A, Tang J, Toyoda M, editors. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE international conference on big data. IEEE; 2017. pp. 3979\u20133980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258409.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258409"},{"issue":"6","key":"26440_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2013.09.004","volume":"37","author":"AJ King","year":"2013","unstructured":"King AJ, Gehl RW, Grossman D, Jensen JD. Skin self-examinations and visual identification of atypical nevi: comparing individual and crowdsourcing approaches. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013;37(6):979\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2013.09.004.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"26440_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123483","volume":"10","author":"MJ Salganik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salganik MJ, Levy KEC. Wiki surveys: open and quantifiable social data collection. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0123483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0123483.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"26440_CR37","unstructured":"Niederdeppe J, Gundersen DA, Tan ASL, McGinty EE, Barry CL. Embedding a wiki platform within a traditional survey: a novel approach to assess perceived argument strength in communication research. Intl J Commun. 2019;13:1863\u20131889. Available from: https:\/\/ijoc.org\/index.php\/ijoc\/article\/view\/10684\/2629."},{"issue":"1","key":"26440_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqx009","volume":"68","author":"DJ O\u2019Keefe","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe DJ. Message pretesting using assessments of expected or perceived persuasiveness: evidence about diagnosticity of relative actual persuasiveness. J Commun. 2018;68(1):120\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/joc\/jqx009.","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"26440_CR39","unstructured":"SPIRIT: SPIRIT. 2013 checklist: recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents. Accessed 15\/11\/2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.spirit-statement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/SPIRIT-Checklist-download-8Jan13.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"26440_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/bf03193146.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"26440_CR41","unstructured":"King AJ, Chen T, Wicke R, Tong C, Margolin D, Chunara R, Kanrar R, Nettleton D, Niederdeppe J. Understanding colorectal cancer screening message preferences of Black Americans: results from a crowdsourced wiki survey [abstract]. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Expo: 2024; Minneapolis, MN, U.S. Available from: https:\/\/apha.confex.com\/apha\/2024\/meetingapi.cgi\/Paper\/554344?filename=2024_Abstract554344.html&template=Word."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26440-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26440-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26440-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:26:55Z","timestamp":1781630815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26440-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26440-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study has been reviewed and determined exempt from continuing review by the University of Utah institutional review board (IRB_00183491) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants will be provided informed consent information prior to their participation in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"No data are included in this protocol, so no consent for publication is required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"755"}}