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While there are several conceptual frameworks for defining food literacy, food literacy questionnaires specifically designed for adolescents are scarce. This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive food literacy questionnaire for adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study consisted of three stages. First, a concept questionnaire was developed based on literature, expert sessions, and existing food literacy questionnaires. Secondly, a validation study was conducted among 673 Dutch secondary school adolescents aged 12\u201318 years. The questionnaire was evaluated and optimized based on the facility index, factor analyses, Cronbach\u2019s alpha, and process evaluation questions. Thirdly, the optimized food literacy questionnaire was completed by 540 Dutch adolescents (grade 1\u20133) for further evaluation and validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The concept questionnaire consisted of 63 items covering four main concepts:\n                      <jats:italic>Knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Skills<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Social environment<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Physical environment<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Based on the factor analyses results, the latter two concepts were reclassified into\n                      <jats:italic>Self-control<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Handling socio-cultural influences<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which improved reliability. Based on the validation study results, ten knowledge questions (too easy or too difficult) and six statements were removed. This resulted in an optimized 47\u2011item questionnaire. The results from the third phase showed that this questionnaire was sufficiently reliable (Cronbach\u2019s alpha between 0.72 and 0.83) and no longer contained knowledge questions that were too difficult or too easy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The questionnaire that was developed to assess adolescents\u2019 food literacy contains a wide range of aspects related to being capable of making informed and conscious food choices. After testing in two validation studies, this questionnaire with 47 items was found to be sufficiently valid, reliable, and feasible to be administered in secondary schools. 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JAMA. 2021;326(20):2073\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26969-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26969-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26969-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:58:12Z","timestamp":1781639892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26969-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-26969-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Wageningen University & Research (Number 2023-043). Because the questionnaire did not contain sensitive issues nor any direct personally identifiable information and the questionnaire was completed in class within school hours, the Research Ethics Committee agreed on using a passive informed consent procedure for the parents of the adolescents. Adolescents and their parents were informed about the study, that participation in the study was voluntary, and parents had the possibility to object to participation of their child(ren) via an easy to complete objection form. All adolescents provided informed consent before participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1294"}}