{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:52:17Z","timestamp":1791157937891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":112,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Macao Polytechnic University Science and Technology Project","award":["Grant No.CI386\/DEI\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No.CI386\/DEI\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sf5td35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-27002-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:23:01Z","timestamp":1781482981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isometric hand grip training on populations with different baseline resting blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"RuiQi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KaiTong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZhiHeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BingHong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"27002_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010123","volume":"26","author":"S Goorani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goorani S, Zangene S, Imig JD. Hypertension: a continuing public healthcare issue. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;26(1):123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26010123.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"27002_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X14666180222102312","volume":"14","author":"S Francula-Zaninovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Francula-Zaninovic S, Nola IA. Management of measurable variable cardiovascular disease\u2019risk factors. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2018;14:153\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1573403X14666180222102312.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"27002_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-024-00900-x","volume":"38","author":"SM Kuneinen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuneinen SM, Kautiainen H, Ekblad MO, Korhonen PE. Multifactorial prevention program for cardiovascular disease in primary care: hypertension status and effect on mortality. J Hum Hypertens. 2024;38:322\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-024-00900-x.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"27002_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.11.003","volume":"129","author":"SE Kjeldsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kjeldsen SE. Hypertension and cardiovascular risk: general aspects. Pharmacol Res. 2018;129:95\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.11.003.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"27002_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang H, Zhou XD, Shapiro MD et al. Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990\u20132021[J]. Metabolism. 2024;160:155999.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.155999"},{"key":"27002_CR6","unstructured":"First WHO report details devastating. Impact of hypertension and ways to stop it.[EB\/OL]. 2023. 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/zh\/news\/item\/19-09-2023-first-who-report-details-devastating-impact-of-hypertension-and-ways-to-stop-it."},{"key":"27002_CR7","unstructured":"Central Committee of the CPC, state council of the PRC. The central committee of the communist party of China and the state council have issued the healthy China 2030 planning, outline [EB\/OL]. 2016. 2024 https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/guihuaxxs\/s3586s\/201610\/21d. 120c917284007ad9c7aa8e9634bb4.shtml."},{"issue":"8","key":"27002_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2025.099","volume":"38","author":"MB Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu MB, He XY, Yang XH, Wang ZW. Interpretation of annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2024. Biomed Environ Sci. 2025;38(8):893\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3967\/bes2025.099. PMID: 40928269.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"27002_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12911","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612911","volume":"24","author":"J Dybiec","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dybiec J, Krzemi\u0144ska J, Radzioch E, Szlagor M, Wronka M, M\u0142ynarska E, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of resistant hypertension. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):12911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241612911. PMID: 37629095; PMCID: PMC10454510.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"27002_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hipert.2024.03.004","volume":"41","author":"FJ Morales-Olivas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morales-Olivas FJ. Diuretics use in the management of hypertension. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc. 2024;41(3):186\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hipert.2024.03.004. Epub 2024 Jun 9. PMID: 38853071.","journal-title":"Hipertens Riesgo Vasc"},{"issue":"6","key":"27002_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2013.05.004","volume":"7","author":"BN Mukete","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mukete BN. Rosendorff C.Effects of low-dose thiazide diuretics on fasting plasma glucose and serum potassium-a meta-analysis[J]. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2013;7(6):454\u201366.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"27002_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12679","volume":"18","author":"X Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhao Q. Association of thiazide-type diuretics with glycemic changes in hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials[J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;18(4):342\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"6","key":"27002_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000066","volume":"71","author":"PK Whelton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS et al. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines[J]. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):1269\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000066.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"27002_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285966","volume":"602","author":"LC Brito","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brito LC, Azev\u00eado LM, Amaro-Vicente G, et al. Evening but not morning aerobic training improves sympathetic activity and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with treated hypertension[J]. J Physiol. 2024;602(6):1049\u201363. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP285966.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"27002_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018487","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018487","volume":"9","author":"G Saco-Ledo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saco-Ledo G, Valenzuela PL, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Ruilope LM, Lucia A. Exercise reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(24):e018487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.018487. Epub 2020 Dec 5. PMID: 33280503; PMCID: PMC7955398.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"27002_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002105","volume":"37","author":"NA Smart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smart NA, Way D, Carlson D, Millar P, McGowan C, Swaine I, Baross A, Howden R, Ritti-Dias R, Wiles J, et al. Effects of isometric resistance training on resting blood pressure: Individual participant data meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2019;37:1927\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002105.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"27002_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0118-x","volume":"44","author":"PJ Millar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Millar PJ, McGowan CL, Cornelissen VA, Araujo CG, Swaine IL. Evidence for the role of isometric exercise training in reducing blood pressure:potential mechanisms and future directions. Sports Med. 2014;44:345\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0118-x.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"27002_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-023-01232-w","volume":"25","author":"B Baffour-Awuah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baffour-Awuah B, Pearson MJ, Dieberg G, Smart NA. Isometric resistance training to manage hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2023;25(4):35\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-023-01232-w. Epub 2023 Feb 28. PMID: 36853479; PMCID: PMC10014822.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"27002_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-022-00778-7","volume":"37","author":"PC Oliveira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oliveira PC, Silva MR, Lehnen AM, Waclawovsky G. Isometric handgrip training, but not a single session, reduces blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens. 2023;37(9):844\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-022-00778-7. Epub 2022 Nov 15. PMID: 36379974.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"27002_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000655","volume":"28","author":"A Wehrmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wehrmann A, Tian EJ, Tyack EL, Kumar S. The evidence of effectiveness of isometric resistance training on the management of hypertension in adults: an umbrella review. Blood Press Monit. 2023;28(4):171\u201384. Epub 2023 Jun 13. PMID: 37318780.","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"issue":"5","key":"27002_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000880","volume":"44","author":"MS Oliveira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliveira MS, Melo PH, Correia MA, Gerage AM, Ritti-Dias RM, Farah BQ. Effects of isometric handgrip training on ambulatory blood pressure in individuals over 18 years old: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2024;44(5):303\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000880. Epub 2024 Sep 3. PMID: 39185910.","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"9","key":"27002_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-021-00681-7","volume":"44","author":"JPAS Almeida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida JPAS, Bessa M, Lopes LTP, Gon\u00e7alves A, Roever L, Zanetti HR. Isometric handgrip exercise training reduces resting systolic blood pressure but does not interfere with diastolic blood pressure and heart rate variability in hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Hypertens Res. 2021;44(9):1205\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-021-00681-7. Epub 2021 Jun 17. PMID: 34140663.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"27002_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin YZ, Yan S, Yuan WX. Effect of isometric handgrip training on resting blood pressure in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017 Jan-Feb;57(1\u20132):154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0022-4707.16.05887-4. Epub 2015 Nov 11. PMID: 26558836.","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.16.05887-4"},{"key":"27002_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"134","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews[J]. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;134:178\u201389. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"27002_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26599\/1671-5411.2025.01.008","volume":"22","author":"JG Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang JG. Chinese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hypertension (2024 revision). J Geriatr Cardiol. 2025;22(1):1\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26599\/1671-5411.2025.01.008. PMID: 40151633; PMCID: PMC11937835.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"27002_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ED000142","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000142","volume":"10","author":"M Cumpston","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10(10):ED000142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.ED000142.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"27002_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u2019c J, Page MJ, et al RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials[J]. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"27002_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","volume":"355","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i4919. Published 2016 Oct 12.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"01","key":"27002_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000222","volume":"22","author":"Y Somani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Somani Y, Baross A, Levy P, Zinszer K, Milne K, Swaine I, McGowan C. Reductions in ambulatory blood pressure in young normotensive men and women after isometric resistance training and its relationship with cardiovascular reactivity. Blood Press Monit. 2017;22(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000222. PMID: 27824678.","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"issue":"7650","key":"27002_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations[J].BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"27002_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01363-0","volume":"22","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen X, Li J, Chen C, et al. Effects of exercise interventions on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life among cancer patients: a meta-analysis. BMC Nurs. 2023;22(1):200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-023-01363-0. Published 2023 Jun 13.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"27002_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor Package[J]. J Stat Soft. 2010;36(3):1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"issue":"3","key":"27002_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials[J]. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177\u201388.","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"6","key":"27002_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218773520","volume":"28","author":"K Nagashima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagashima K, Noma H, Furukawa TA. Prediction intervals for random-effectsmeta-analysis: a confidence distribution approach[J]. Stat Methods Med Res. 2019;28(6):1689\u2013702.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"27002_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a metaanalysis[J]. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"27002_CR36","unstructured":"Hopkins W, Batterham A. Improving meta-analyses in sport and exercise[C\/OL]. 2018. [2024] https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Improving-Meta-analyses-in-Sport-and-Exercise-HopkinsBatterham\/45d4703e70a1f9962ab87f6cf25fef143ccc529b."},{"issue":"2","key":"27002_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002619","volume":"39","author":"S Lopes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopes S, Afreixo V, Teixeira M, Garcia C, Leit\u00e3o C, Gouveia M, Figueiredo D, Alves AJ, Polonia J, Oliveira J, Mesquita-Bastos J, Ribeiro F. Exercise training reduces arterial stiffness in adults with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2021;39(2):214\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002619. PMID: 32833924.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"10","key":"27002_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010","volume":"61","author":"JL Peters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peters JL, Sutton AJ, Jones DR, et al. Contour-enhanced meta-analysis funnel plots help distinguish publication bias from other causes of asymmetry[J]. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(10):991\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"27002_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"27002_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710610","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1710610","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhai Z, Guo B, Liu Y, An Z, Zhai Q. Comparative effectiveness of traditional Chinese exercises for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2026;13:1710610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1710610. Published 2026 Jan 6.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"27002_CR41","first-page":"1309","volume":"12","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhai Q, Li G, et al. Effects of different aerobic exercises on blood lipid levels in middle-aged and elderly people: a systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials[C]\/\/Healthcare. MDPI. 2024;12(13):1309.","journal-title":"MDPI"},{"issue":"52","key":"27002_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5791","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005791","volume":"95","author":"DJ Carlson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carlson DJ, Inder J, Palanisamy SKA, McFarlane JR, Dieberg G, Smart NA. The efficacy of isometric resistance training utilizing handgrip exercise for blood pressure management: a randomized trial. Med (Baltim). 2016;95(52):e5791. PMID: 28033302; PMCID: PMC5207598.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"2","key":"27002_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003919","volume":"43","author":"SY Jae","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jae SY, Yoon ES, Kim HJ, Cho MJ, Choo J, Kim JY, Kunutsor SK. Isometric handgrip versus aerobic exercise: a randomized trial evaluating central and ambulatory blood pressure outcomes in older hypertensive participants. J Hypertens. 2025;43(2):351\u20138. Epub 2024 Oct 29. PMID: 39526684.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"14","key":"27002_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.5865-20","volume":"60","author":"Y Nemoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nemoto Y, Satoh T, Takahashi T, Hattori T, Konno S, Suzuki S, Sakihara S, Munakata M. Effects of isometric handgrip training on home blood pressure measurements in hypertensive patients: a randomized crossover study. Intern Med. 2021;60(14):2181\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.5865-20. Epub 2021 Feb 15. PMID: 33583887; PMCID: PMC8355381.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"27002_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-024-01961-8","volume":"48","author":"Y Nemoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nemoto Y, Yamaki Y, Takahashi T, Satoh T, Konno S, Munakata M. Effects of low-intensity isometric handgrip training on home blood pressure in hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertens Res. 2025;48(2):710\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-024-01961-8. Epub 2024 Oct 23. PMID: 39443704.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"27002_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_240_18","volume":"22","author":"GU Ogbutor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ogbutor GU, Nwangwa EK, Uyagu DD. Isometric handgrip exercise training attenuates blood pressure in prehypertensive subjects at 30% maximum voluntary contraction. Niger J Clin Pract. 2019;22(12):1765\u20131771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_240_18 PMID: 31793486","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"27002_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0796.r1.22042021","volume":"139","author":"AC Palmeira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palmeira AC, Farah BQ, Silva GOD, Moreira SR, Barros MVG, Correia MA, Cucato GG, Ritti-Dias RM. Effects of isometric handgrip training on blood pressure among hypertensive patients seen within public primary healthcare: a randomized controlled trial. Sao Paulo Med J. 2021;139(6):648\u201356. PMID: 34787298; PMCID: PMC9634841.","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"27002_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.19213","volume":"73","author":"D Pinto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pinto D, Dias N, Garcia C, Teixeira M, Marques MJ, Amaral T, Amaral L, Abreu R, Figueiredo D, Pol\u00f3nia J, Mesquita-Bastos J, Viana JL, Pescatello LS, Ribeiro F, Alves AJ. Effect of home-based isometric training on blood pressure in older adults with high normal BP or stage I hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2025;73(2):574\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.19213. Epub 2024 Oct 11. PMID: 39392028.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"27002_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002774","volume":"39","author":"M Seidel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seidel M, Pagonas N, Seibert FS, Bauer F, Rohn B, Vlatsas S, M\u00fchlberger D, Nina B, Westhoff TH. The differential impact of aerobic and isometric handgrip exercise on blood pressure variability and central aortic blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2021;39(7):1269\u20131273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002774. PMID: 33470732.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"12","key":"27002_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-024-00954-x","volume":"38","author":"JC Silva de Sousa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva de Sousa JC, Fecchio RY, Oliveira-Silva L, Pio-Abreu A, da Silva GV, Drager LF, Low DA, de Moraes Forjaz CL. Effects of dynamic, isometric, and combined resistance training on ambulatory blood pressure in treated men with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Hum Hypertens. 2024;38(12):796\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-024-00954-x. Epub 2024 Sep 23. PMID: 39313550.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"27002_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-023-00859-1","volume":"38","author":"L Oliveira-Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliveira-Silva L, Fecchio RY, Silva Junior NDD, Pio-Abreu A, Silva GVD, Drager LF, Silva de Sousa JC, Forjaz CLM. Post-dynamic, isometric and combined resistance exercise responses in medicated hypertensive men. J Hum Hypertens. 2024;38(1):52\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-023-00859-1. Epub 2023 Sep 5. PMID: 37670145.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"11","key":"27002_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001445","volume":"35","author":"N Pagonas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pagonas N, Vlatsas S, Bauer F, Seibert FS, Zidek W, Babel N, Schlattmann P, Westhoff TH. Aerobic versus isometric handgrip exercise in hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2017;35(11):2199\u20132206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001445. PMID: 28622156.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"27002_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01202-4","volume":"46","author":"RY Fecchio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fecchio RY, de Sousa JCS, Oliveira-Silva L, da Silva Junior ND, Pio-Abreu A, da Silva GV, Drager LF, Low DA, Forjaz CLM. Effects of dynamic, isometric and combined resistance training on blood pressure and its mechanisms in hypertensive men. Hypertens Res. 2023;46(4):1031\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-023-01202-4. Epub 2023 Feb 9. PMID: 36759659; PMCID: PMC9909153.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"27002_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2018.1557683","volume":"42","author":"SL Cahu Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cahu Rodrigues SL, Farah BQ, Silva G, Correia M, Pedrosa R, Vianna L, Ritti-Dias RM. Vascular effects of isometric handgrip training in hypertensives. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2020;42(1):24\u201330. Epub 2019 Jan 9. PMID: 30626217.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"27002_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001176","volume":"35","author":"GI Ash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ash GI, Taylor BA, Thompson PD, MacDonald HV, Lamberti L, Chen MH, Farinatti P, Kraemer WJ, Panza GA, Zaleski AL, Deshpande V, Ballard KD, Mujtaba M, White CM, Pescatello LS. The antihypertensive effects of aerobic versus isometric handgrip resistance exercise. J Hypertens. 2017;35(2):291\u20139. PMID: 27861249; PMCID: PMC5713890.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"27002_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01330-3","volume":"32","author":"T Okamoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okamoto T, Hashimoto Y, Kobayashi R. Isometric handgrip training reduces blood pressure and wave reflections in East Asian, non-medicated, middle-aged and older adults: a randomized control trial. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(8):1485\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-019-01330-3. Epub 2019 Aug 28. PMID: 31463925.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"27002_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1806","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1806","volume":"25","author":"S Punia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Punia S, Kulandaivelan S. Home-based isometric handgrip training on RBP in hypertensive adults-Partial preliminary findings from RCT. Physiother Res Int. 2020;25(1):e1806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pri.1806. Epub 2019 Aug 16. PMID: 31418966.","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"27002_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2448638","volume":"43","author":"YC Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen YC, Cheng CY, McNally B, Benn J, Varnom H, Robbins K, Metcalfe RS. Low and high frequency isometric handgrip exercise training similarly reduce resting blood pressure in young normotensive adults: a randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci. 2025;43(3):234\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2024.2448638. Epub 2025 Jan 4. PMID: 39754516.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"27002_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2020.1747482","volume":"42","author":"T Yamagata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamagata T, Sako T. High cardiovascular reactivity and muscle strength attenuate hypotensive effects of isometric handgrip training in young women: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2020;42(7):595\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10641963.2020.1747482.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"27002_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2644-5","volume":"113","author":"MB Badrov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Badrov MB, Bartol CL, DiBartolomeo MA, Millar PJ, McNevin NH, McGowan CL. Effects of isometric handgrip training dose on resting blood pressure and resistance vessel endothelial function in normotensive women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(8):2091\u2009\u2013\u2009100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-013-2644-5. Epub 2013 Apr 16. PMID: 23588257.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"27002_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00590-0","volume":"397","author":"A Adler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adler A, Agodoa L, Algra A, Asselbergs FW, Beckett NS, Berge E, et al. Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2021;397:1625\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00590-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"27002_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/107424840100600102","volume":"6","author":"WW Nichols","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nichols WW, Edwards DG. Arterial elastance and wave reflection augmentation of systolic blood pressure: deleterious effects and implications for therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2001;6(1):5\u201321. 10.1177\/107424840100600102 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107424840100600102. PMID: 11452332.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"27002_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.914507","volume":"122","author":"GF Mitchell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mitchell GF, Wang N, Palmisano JN, Larson MG, Hamburg NM, Vita JA, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Vasan RS. Hemodynamic correlates of blood pressure across the adult age spectrum: noninvasive evaluation in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2010;122:1379\u201386.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"27002_CR64","volume-title":"Cardiovascular physiology","author":"AJ Pappano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pappano AJ, Wier WG. Cardiovascular physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019.","edition":"11"},{"key":"27002_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McGowan CL, Levy AS, Millar PJ, et al. Acute vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise and effects of training in persons medicated for hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;291(4):H1797\u2013H1802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.01113.2005.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01113.2005"},{"key":"27002_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McGowan CL, Visocchi A, Faulkner M, Verduyn R, Rakobowchuk M, Levy AS, McCartney N, Macdonald MJ. Isometric handgrip training improves local flow-mediated dilation in medicated hypertensives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;98(4):355\u2009\u2013\u200962. Erratum in: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;103(2):251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-006-0282-x PMID: 16924526.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0282-x"},{"issue":"11","key":"27002_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003261","volume":"40","author":"JJ Edwards","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edwards JJ, Wiles J, O\u2019Driscoll J. Mechanisms for blood pressure reduction following isometric exercise training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2022;40(11):2299\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003261. Epub 2022 Aug 8. PMID: 35950976.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"27002_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00071","volume":"40","author":"W Manosroi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manosroi W, Williams GH. Genetics of human primary hypertension: focus on hormonal mechanisms. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(3):825\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2018-00071. PMID: 30590482; PMCID: PMC6936319.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"27002_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02254-w","volume":"51","author":"F Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang F, Chao M, Li JB, Ye XM. Characteristics and risk factors of deep vein thrombosis in hemiplegic, healthy and bilateral limbs of hemiplegic patients: a 10-year retrospective study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2021;51(3):798\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11239-020-02254-w. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PMID: 32852670.","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"27002_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaa141","volume":"29","author":"H Hanssen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hanssen H, Boardman H, Deiseroth A, Moholdt T, Simonenko M, Kr\u00e4nkel N, et al. Personalized exercise prescription in the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension: a consensus document from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the ESC council on hypertension. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29:205\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaa141.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"27002_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1271","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00288.2016","volume":"311","author":"SE Baker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baker SE, Limberg JK, Ranadive SM, Joyner MJ. Neurovascular control of blood pressure is influenced by aging, sex, and sex hormones. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016;311(6):R1271\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00288.2016. Epub 2016 Nov 16. PMID: 27856414; PMCID: PMC5256972.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"27002_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00626.2014","volume":"118","author":"H Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang H, Durocher JJ, Larson RA, Carter JR. Role of the ovarian cycle on neural cardiovascular control in sleep-deprived women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;118(4):419\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00626.2014.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"3","key":"27002_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-011-0191-1","volume":"13","author":"EC Hart","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hart EC, Charkoudian N. Sympathetic neural mechanisms in human blood pressure regulation. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011;13(3):237\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-011-0191-1.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27002-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27002-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27002-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:21:26Z","timestamp":1791156086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27002-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["27002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27002-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of previously published data and did not involve direct intervention with human participants or animals.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2775"}}