{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:08:54Z","timestamp":1779358134141,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-27288-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T01:05:21Z","timestamp":1775523921000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The nationwide prevalence of anaemia and the associated factors in the general adult population in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kim Sui","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nor\u2019ain","family":"Ab Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yee Mang","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan Fei","family":"Khaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Hamizah","family":"Nasaruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siti Hafizah","family":"Zulkiply","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kah Kian","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping Foo","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee-Ling","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noor Ani","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"27288_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Anaemia. 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/anaemia. Accessed 27 Nov 2024."},{"issue":"9","key":"27288_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e713","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00160-6","volume":"10","author":"GBD 2021 Anaemia Collaborators","year":"2023","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Anaemia Collaborators. Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990\u20132021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Haematol. 2023;10(9):e713\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"27288_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092","volume":"1450","author":"CM Chaparro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1450(1):15\u201331.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"27288_CR4","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health (IPH). National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: Vol.1: NCDs - Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and Other Health Problems. 2020."},{"key":"27288_CR5","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015 (NHMS 2015). Volume II. Non-Communicable Diseases. Risk Factors & Other Health Problems; 2015."},{"key":"27288_CR6","unstructured":"De Benoist B, Cogswell M, Egli I, McLean E. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993\u20132005; WHO Global Database of anaemia. 2008."},{"key":"27288_CR7","unstructured":"National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition (NCCFN). Handbook: Mid-term review of the National Plan of Action for Nutrition of Malaysia (NPANM) III, 2016\u20132025. 2022. https:\/\/hq.moh.gov.my\/nutrition\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/HANDBOOK-OF-MID-TERM-REVIEW-OF-NPANM-III-_-2-NOV-2022_2nd-MOCK-2.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov 2024."},{"key":"27288_CR8","unstructured":"National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition (NCCFN). National Plan of Action for Nutrition of Malaysia III 2016\u20132025. 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"27288_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22762-9","volume":"25","author":"KS Wan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wan KS, Mohd Yusoff MF, Mat Rifin H, Chan WK, Yoga Ratnam KK, Ganapathy SS, Abd Hamid HA, Mohamad M, Mohd Noor N, Mustapha FJBPH. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the associated factors in a multiethnic upper-middle-income country in Asia: findings from a nationwide community-based study in 2023. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"27288_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e074432","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074432","volume":"13","author":"KS Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan KS, Rifin HM, Yusoff MFM, Ratnam KKY, Chan WK, Mohamad M, Noor NM, Mustapha F, Ahmad NA. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in Malaysia 2023: study protocol for a community-based nationwide cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2023;13(10):e074432.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"27288_CR11","unstructured":"Israel GD. Determining sample size. 1992."},{"key":"27288_CR12","unstructured":"Department of Statistics Malaysia. Population Table: Malaysia. 2024. https:\/\/open.dosm.gov.my\/data-catalogue\/population_malaysia. Accessed 27 Nov 2024."},{"key":"27288_CR13","unstructured":"WorldHealth Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. World Health Organization; 2011. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/b82789de-df63-41ba-8058-25f9f5da0c40\/content.\u00a0Accessed 27 Nov 2024."},{"key":"27288_CR14","unstructured":"Means R, Goldman L, Schaefer A. Approach to the anaemias. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. 2020."},{"key":"27288_CR15","unstructured":"BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of anaemia. https:\/\/bestpractice.bmj.com\/topics\/en-gb\/93. Accessed 27 Nov 2024."},{"key":"27288_CR16","volume-title":"Household Income Survey Report 2022","author":"Department of Statistics Malaysia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Department of Statistics Malaysia. Household Income Survey Report 2022. Malaysia: Putrajaya; 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"27288_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4758","volume":"11","author":"CC Panel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panel CC, Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, Dinges DF, Gangwisch J, Grandner MA. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(6):591\u20132.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"27288_CR18","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Malaysia: Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Obesity 2nd edition. (2023). 2023."},{"key":"27288_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/ncds\/ncd-surveillance\/gpaq-analysis-guide.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov 2024."},{"key":"27288_CR20","unstructured":"WorldHealth Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual: the WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. World Health Organization; 2005. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/noncommunicable-diseases\/surveillance\/systems-tools\/steps. Accessed 27 Nov 2024."},{"key":"27288_CR21","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health (IPH). Technical report National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2023: Non-Communicable Diseases and Healthcare Demand Malaysia; 2024."},{"key":"27288_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17","volume":"3","author":"Z Bursac","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3:17.","journal-title":"Source Code Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"27288_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.37268\/mjphm\/vol.21\/no.1\/art.714","volume":"21","author":"R Omar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omar R, Ahmad N, Sze NW. Factors associated with thalassaemia carrier among form four students in Kedah, Malaysia. Malaysian J Public Health Med. 2021;21(1):134\u201340.","journal-title":"Malaysian J Public Health Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"27288_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12006","volume":"104","author":"AJ Patel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patel AJ, Wesley R, Leitman SF, Bryant BJ. Capillary versus venous haemoglobin determination in the assessment of healthy blood donors. Vox Sang. 2013;104(4):317\u201323.","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"1","key":"27288_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14139","volume":"1450","author":"LM Neufeld","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neufeld LM, Larson LM, Kurpad A, Mburu S, Martorell R, Brown KH. Haemoglobin concentration and anaemia diagnosis in venous and capillary blood: biological basis and policy implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1450(1):172\u201389.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"27288_CR26","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health (IPH). Technical Report National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2022: Maternal and Child Health, Malaysia. 2023."},{"key":"27288_CR27","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Results. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results\/. Accessed 29 Nov 2024."},{"key":"27288_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04279-w","volume":"99","author":"N Abdullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdullah N, Ismail N, Abd Jalal N, Mohd Radin F, Othman R, Kamalul Arifin AS, Kamaruddin MA. Jamal RJAoh: Prevalence of anaemia and associated risk factors amongst The Malaysian Cohort participants. Ann Hematol. 2020;99:2521\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"27288_CR29","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health (IPH). National Health and Morbidity Survey 2014: Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) Vol. II : Survey Findings. 2014."},{"issue":"6","key":"27288_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e037974","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037974","volume":"10","author":"H Mohd Ibrahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohd Ibrahim H, Muda Z, Othman IS, Mohamed Unni MN, Teh KH, Thevarajah A, Gunasagaran K, Ong GB, Yeoh SL, Muhammad Rivai A, et al. Observational study on the current status of thalassaemia in Malaysia: a report from the Malaysian Thalassaemia Registry. BMJ Open. 2020;10(6):e037974.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"27288_CR31","unstructured":"George E. Thalassaemia carrier diagnosis in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Thalassaemia Diagnostic Service; 1998."},{"key":"27288_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01966-8","volume":"21","author":"TA Saminathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saminathan TA, Hooi LS, Mohd Yusoff MF, Ong LM, Bavanandan S, Rodzlan Hasani WS, Tan EZZ, Wong I, Rifin HM, Robert TG. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its associated factors in Malaysia; findings from a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"27288_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57723-6","volume":"14","author":"KS Wan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wan KS, Hairi NN, Mustapha F, Mohd Yusoff MF, Mat Rifin H, Ismail M, Moy FM, Ahmad NA. Prevalence of diabetic kidney disease and the associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes in a multi-ethnic Asian country. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):7074.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"27288_CR34","first-page":"8745968","volume":"2021","author":"SS Michalak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michalak SS, Wolny-Rokicka E, Nowakowska E, Michalak M, Gil L. Clinical Implications of the Coexistence of Anemia and Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly Population. J Diabetes Res. 2021;2021(1):8745968.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"27288_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S421851","volume":"16","author":"M Arkew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arkew M, Asmerom H, Gemechu K, Tesfa T. Global Prevalence of Anemia Among Type 2 Diabetic Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diabetes metabolic syndrome obesity: targets therapy. 2023;16:2243\u201354.","journal-title":"Diabetes metabolic syndrome obesity: targets therapy"},{"key":"27288_CR36","first-page":"174550572412273","volume":"20","author":"F Ashraf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashraf F, Nafees Uddin MM, Mustafa MS, Mughal ZUN, Atif Aleem S. Prevalence and factors influencing anemia in women of reproductive age visiting a tertiary care hospital (Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center) in Karachi: A cross-sectional study. Women\u2019s health. 2024;20:17455057241227364.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s health"},{"issue":"1","key":"27288_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2019.13.1.23","volume":"13","author":"ZF Chai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chai ZF, Gan WY, Chin YS, Ching YK, Appukutty M. Factors associated with anemia among female adult vegetarians in Malaysia. Nutr Res Pract. 2019;13(1):23\u201331.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract"},{"key":"27288_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01202-2","volume":"14","author":"S Safiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Safiri S, Kolahi A-A, Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Karamzad N, Bragazzi NL, Sullman MJ, Abdollahi M, Collins GS, Kaufman JS, et al. Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14:1\u201316.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"27288_CR39","unstructured":"NationalAcademies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Factors that affect health-care utilisation. Health-care utilization as a proxy in disability determination. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US); 2018. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK500097\/. Accessed 27 Nov 2024."},{"issue":"5","key":"27288_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006814","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006814","volume":"5","author":"C Alkerwi Aa, Vernier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alkerwi Aa, Vernier C, Sauvageot N, Crichton GE, Elias, MFJBo. Demographic and socioeconomic disparity in nutrition: application of a novel Correlated Component Regression approach. BMJ Open. 2015;5(5):e006814.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"Supplement1","key":"27288_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S004","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2025","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Supplement1):S59\u201385.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"27288_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.62.08.742","volume":"62","author":"M Salman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salman M, Khan AH, Adnan AS, Sulaiman SAS, Hussain K, Shehzadi N, Islam M, Jummaat F. Prevalence and management of anemia in pre-dialysis Malaysian patients: A hospital-based study. J Revista da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica Brasileira. 2016;62(8):742\u20137.","journal-title":"J Revista da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica Brasileira"},{"issue":"4","key":"27288_CR43","first-page":"287","volume":"163","author":"R Azma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Azma R, Ainoon O, Azlin I, Hamenuddin H, Hadi N, Tatt W, Syazana I, Asmaliza A, Das S, Hamidah N. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia and thalassaemia trait among undergraduate medical students. J Clin Ter. 2012;163(4):287.","journal-title":"J Clin Ter"},{"key":"27288_CR44","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Malaysia. Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (6th Edition). 2020."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27288-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27288-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27288-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:30:19Z","timestamp":1779355819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27288-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["27288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27288-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR-ID-22-02845-GUT) and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Malaysian Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. All study participants provided written informed consent to participate. The anonymised dataset analysed in this study did not contain any participant identifiers.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"1594"}}