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This study aimed to compare and rank the effects of different types and doses of physical activity on social communication, stereotyped behaviors, and motor skills in individuals with ASD, thereby providing theoretical guidance for physical activity\u2013based interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SPORTDiscus, PsycInfo and CNKI from inception to December 2025. Randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and controlled studies evaluating the effects of various physical activity interventions on social communication, stereotyped behaviors, or motor skills in individuals with ASD were included. Pairwise analyses and network meta-analyses were conducted using a random effects model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 45 studies involving 1479 participants were included. The results showed that martial arts had the highest possibility of producing the best effects on social communication (SMD = -0.84, 95% CI : -1.31,-0.37), and team ball sports were most likely to be the most effective in reducing stereotyped behaviors (SMD = -1.39, 95% CI: -2.09,-0.68), while mind-body exercise was identified as the most effective physical activity for improving motor skills (SMD = 2.10, 95% CI: 0.45, 3.75).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Additionally, for social communication, the best effects were observed with a frequency of 3\u20134 times per week (SMD = -0.90, 95% CI: -1.34, -0.45), session duration of \u226445 minutes (SMD = -0.67, 95% CI: -0.91, -0.43), and an intervention period of more than 12 weeks (SMD = -0.93, 95% CI: -1.18, -0.68). For stereotyped behaviors, the best effects were observed with a frequency of \u22655 times per week (SMD = -1.40, 95% CI: -2.15, -0.65), session duration of \u226445 minutes (SMD = -0.60, 95% CI: -1.10, -0.10), whereas no statistically significant effects were observed for intervention period; For motor skills, the best effects were associated with a frequency of 3\u20134 times per week (SMD = 2.02, 95% CI: 0.92, 3.12), session duration of\uff1e60 minutes (SMD = 4.35, 95% CI: 1.44,7.26), and a period of \u22648 weeks (SMD = 2.41, 95% CI: 0.90, 3.91).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Martial arts appear to be the most effective intervention for improving social communication, and team ball sports are likely to be the most effective for reducing stereotyped behaviors, whereas mind\u2013body exercises may be the most beneficial for enhancing motor skills in individuals with ASD. In addition, for social communication, the most favorable outcomes were associated with a frequency of 3\u20134 sessions per week, session duration of \u226445 minutes, and an intervention period of &gt;12 weeks. For stereotyped behaviors, the best effects were observed with a frequency of \u22655 times per week, session duration of \u226445 minutes, however, no statistically significant effects were observed for intervention period. Regarding motor skills, the best effects were found with a frequency of 3\u20134 times per week, session duration of &gt; 60 minutes, and an intervention period of \u22648 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-27965-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T02:25:54Z","timestamp":1781144754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative efficacy of various physical activity interventions on individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"27965_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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