{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:40:26Z","timestamp":1792788026048,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":107,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Capital Health Research and Development of Special"},{"name":"Beijing Hospitals Authority's Ascent Plan"},{"name":"The Youth Beijing Scholars program"},{"name":"High Level Public Health Technical Talents Construction Project from Beijing"},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"\"Yicheng Outstanding Talents\" in Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-28009-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T02:25:30Z","timestamp":1781922330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Apparent protective associations between smoking, alcohol consumption, and dry eye disease: evidence from a community-based Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC) in Beijing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yan-Lin","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"28009_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.033","volume":"279","author":"JS Wolffsohn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wolffsohn JS, Ben\u00edtez-Del-Castillo JM, Loya-Garcia D, Inomata T, Iyer G, Liang L, Pult H, Sabater AL, Starr CE, Vehof J, et al. TFOS DEWS III: Diagnostic Methodology. Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;279:387\u2013450.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"28009_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.040","volume":"279","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Arg\u00fceso P, Asbell P, Azar D, Bosworth C, Chen W, Ciolino JB, Craig JP, Gallar J, Galor A, et al. TFOS DEWS III: Digest. Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;279:451\u2013553.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"28009_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.11.002","volume":"14","author":"M McDonald","year":"2016","unstructured":"McDonald M, Patel DA, Keith MS, Snedecor SJ. Economic and Humanistic Burden of Dry Eye Disease in Europe, North America, and Asia: A Systematic Literature Review. Ocul Surf. 2016;14(2):144\u201367.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"28009_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771352","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.771352","volume":"8","author":"W Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang W, Luo Y, Wu S, Niu X, Yan Y, Qiao C, Ming W, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen D, et al. Estimated Annual Economic Burden of Dry Eye Disease Based on a Multi-Center Analysis in China: A Retrospective Study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:771352.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"28009_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1159\/000525696","volume":"65","author":"Y Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai Y, Wei J, Zhou J, Zou W. Prevalence and incidence of dry eye disease in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmic Res. 2022;65(6):647\u201358.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"28009_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.012468","volume":"59","author":"H van der Vaart","year":"2004","unstructured":"van der Vaart H, Postma D, Timens W, Ten H. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: A review. Thorax. 2004;59(8):713\u201321.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"17","key":"28009_CR7","first-page":"e2200435","volume":"9","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li S, Lu Z, Huang Y, Wang Y, Jin Q, Shentu X, Ye J, Ji J, Yao K, Han H. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory micelles: Break the dry eye vicious cycle. Adv Sci (Weinheim Baden-Wurttemberg Germany). 2022;9(17):e2200435.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinheim Baden-Wurttemberg Germany)"},{"issue":"1","key":"28009_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422421000093","volume":"35","author":"E Astori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Astori E, Garavaglia ML, Colombo G, Landoni L, Portinaro NM, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Antioxidants in smokers. Nutr Res Rev. 2022;35(1):70\u201397.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"28009_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.12.047","volume":"141","author":"DD Altinors","year":"2006","unstructured":"Altinors DD, Ak\u00e7a S, Akova YA, Bilezik\u00e7i B, Goto E, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Smoking associated with damage to the lipid layer of the ocular surface. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(6):1016\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"28009_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4103\/JOCO.JOCO_70_20","volume":"32","author":"N Mohidin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohidin N, Jaafar AB. Effect of smoking on tear stability and corneal surface. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2020;32(3):232\u20137.","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"28009_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.025","volume":"51","author":"A Higuchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higuchi A, Ito K, Dogru M, Kitamura M, Mitani F, Kawakita T, Ogawa Y, Tsubota K. Corneal damage and lacrimal gland dysfunction in a smoking rat model. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51(12):2210\u20136.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"28009_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.007","volume":"153","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Zhang G, Nian S, Lv Y, Shao Y, Qiao N, Liang R, Huang L, Luo A. Dry eye induced by exposure to cigarette smoke pollution: An in vivo and in vitro study. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;153:187\u2013201.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"28009_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.04.005","volume":"19","author":"J Vehof","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vehof J, Snieder H, Jansonius N, Hammond CJ. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based Lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands. Ocul Surf. 2021;19:83\u201393.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"28009_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610763","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2025.1610763","volume":"5","author":"HH Najmi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Najmi HH, Tubayqi AM, Bakri SM, Alsharif AM. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye symptoms in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne). 2025;5:1610763.","journal-title":"Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"28009_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.10.011","volume":"52","author":"M Krenz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krenz M, Korthuis RJ. Moderate ethanol ingestion and cardiovascular protection: From epidemiologic associations to cellular mechanisms. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2012;52(1):93\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"28009_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.11.015","volume":"119","author":"JH Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim JH, Kim JH, Nam WH, Yi K, Choi DG, Hyon JY, Wee WR, Shin YJ. Oral alcohol administration disturbs tear film and ocular surface. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(5):965\u201371.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"28009_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2022.0187","volume":"39","author":"AK Ghosh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghosh AK, \u010c\u0117sna R, Neverauskas D, \u017diniauskait\u0117 A, Iqbal S, Eby JM, Ragauskas S, Kaja S. Dietary alcohol consumption elicits corneal toxicity through the generation of cellular oxidative stress. J Ocular Pharmacol Therapeutics: Official J Association Ocular Pharmacol Ther. 2023;39(5):303\u201316.","journal-title":"J Ocular Pharmacol Therapeutics: Official J Association Ocular Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"28009_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-025-03907-0","volume":"34","author":"U Aapola","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aapola U, Mosallaei P, N\u00e4ttinen J, Suurkuukka I, Tuomilehto J, Kein\u00e4nen-Kiukaanniemi S, Saramies J, Uusitalo H. Impact of signs and symptoms of dry eye disease on health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional population study among older adults. Qual Life Res. 2025;34(5):1363\u201376.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"28009_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):61\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"28009_CR20","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization; n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mental-disorders. Accessed 29 Apr 2026."},{"key":"28009_CR21","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Geneva: World Health Organization; n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/standards\/classifications\/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health. Accessed 29 Apr 2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"28009_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","volume":"15","author":"JS Wolffsohn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wolffsohn JS, Arita R, Chalmers R, Djalilian A, Dogru M, Dumbleton K, Gupta PK, Karpecki P, Lazreg S, Pult H, et al. TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):539\u201374.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"28009_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.05.005","volume":"21","author":"MS Magno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magno MS, Daniel T, Morthen MK, Snieder H, Jansonius N, Utheim TP, Hammond CJ, Vehof J. The relationship between alcohol consumption and dry eye. Ocul Surf. 2021;21:87\u201395.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"28009_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2024.100415","volume":"25","author":"AF Sterrantino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sterrantino AF. Observational studies: practical tips for avoiding common statistical pitfalls. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia. 2024;25:100415.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"28009_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.05.001","volume":"21","author":"JS Wolffsohn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wolffsohn JS, Wang MTM, Vidal-Rohr M, Menduni F, Dhallu S, Ipek T, Acar D, Recchioni A, France A, Kingsnorth A, et al. Demographic and lifestyle risk factors of dry eye disease subtypes: A cross-sectional study. Ocul Surf. 2021;21:58\u201363.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"6","key":"28009_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e094046","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094046","volume":"15","author":"P Jongkhajornpong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jongkhajornpong P, Lekhanont K, Anothaisintawee T, Rattanasiri S, McKay G, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. Prevalence of dry eye disease and its association with sleep quality and depression: a hospital-based survey in Thai population. BMJ Open. 2025;15(6):e094046.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"28009_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.12.023","volume":"157","author":"AJ Paulsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paulsen AJ, Cruickshanks KJ, Fischer ME, Huang G-H, Klein BEK, Klein R, Dalton DS. Dry Eye in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Health-Related Quality of Life. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(4):799\u2013806.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"28009_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S507631","volume":"18","author":"H Jeong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jeong H, Park S, Kim H, Jakovljevic M, Lee M. Analysis of Sleep Quality Evaluation Factors Affecting Dry Eye Syndrome. Int J Gen Med. 2025;18:1845\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"28009_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.10.009","volume":"270","author":"AT Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao AT, He J, Lei Y, Chen Y, Ying GS. Associations Between Dry Eye Disease and Mental Health Conditions in the All of Us Research Program. Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;270:61\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"28009_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitazawa M, Sakamoto C, Yoshimura M, Kawashima M, Inoue S, Mimura M, Tsubota K, Negishi K, Kishimoto T. The relationship of dry eye disease with depression and anxiety: a naturalistic observational study. Translational Vis Sci Technol. 2018;7(6):35.","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.6.35"},{"issue":"4","key":"28009_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211060963","volume":"32","author":"A Basilious","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basilious A, Xu CY, Malvankar-Mehta MS. Dry eye disease and psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022;32(4):1872\u201389.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"28009_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1887580","volume":"104","author":"MT Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang MT, Muntz A, Wolffsohn JS, Craig JP. Association between dry eye disease, self-perceived health status, and self-reported psychological stress burden. Clin Exp Optom. 2021;104(8):835\u201340.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"28009_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771554","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.771554","volume":"10","author":"Q He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He Q, Chen Z, Xie C, Liu L, Yang H, Wei R. Relationship Between Dry Eye Disease and Emotional Disorder: The Mediating Effect of Health Anxiety. Front Public Health. 2022;10:771554.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"28009_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11271-z","volume":"12","author":"N Tananuvat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tananuvat N, Tansanguan S, Wongpakaran N, Wongpakaran T. Role of neuroticism and perceived stress on quality of life among patients with dry eye disease. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):7079.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"28009_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00512-9","volume":"16","author":"Y Guo","year":"2026","unstructured":"Guo Y, Cao K, Zhang Q, Wen Y, Feng J, Wang Y, Tang J, Tong L, Tian L, Jie Y. Non-Invasive Break-Up Time in the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort Study (ADEC): A Cross-Sectional Baseline Analysis. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2026;16(1):13.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"28009_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01139-z","volume":"39","author":"E Muhafiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muhafiz E, Aslan Bayhan S, Bayhan HA, G\u00fcrdal C. Effects of chronic smoking on the meibomian glands. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39(12):2905\u201311.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28009-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28009-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28009-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:46:27Z","timestamp":1791157587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28009-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28009-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This observational cohort study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (Ethics approval number: TREC2024-KY084), and was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Signed written informed consent was obtained from each participant after explanation of the nature and possible consequences of the study. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (\n                      \n                      ). The Clinical Trial Number is NCT06621446, and the Registration Date was September 23, 2024.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2794"}}