{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:20:44Z","timestamp":1787880044090,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beyond its biological aspects, infertility interacts with systemic injustices, social stigma, and psychosocial pressures. To critically examine how infertility is experienced, mediated by gendered norms, structural barriers, and identity conflicts, this study draws on theoretical perspective of infertility as a socially entrenched issue by combining various concepts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review explores the psychological aspect of infertility with the synthesis of peer-reviewed articles. Literatures are critically analyzed using three theoretical frameworks (Stress and Coping Theory, stigma theory, and intersectionality theory) to form three themes namely, psychological distress and coping, stigma and gendered identity, and intersectional injustices. Theoretical frameworks allowed for a conceptually rich interpretation of findings, stressing how cultural norms, power dynamics, and institutional exclusion impacts infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review reveals that infertility is commonly appraised as a threat to one\u2019s identity, relationships, and future aspirations, often leading to intense emotional turmoil. First, stress and coping theory shed light on gender differences in coping and widespread psychological suffering. Peer support and counseling were examples of adaptive methods meanwhile; avoidance and denial were the maladaptive responses. Second, the stigma theory demonstrated how infertility diminishes gendered identities, with men associating infertility with emasculation and women as \u201cfailures.\u201d Stigma was made worse by medical prejudices, such as racial preconceptions. Third, intersectionality theory brought to light structural injustices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To eliminate racist and gendered hierarchies in reproductive healthcare, future interventions must place a priority on culturally appropriate mental health assistance, policy changes (e.g., subsidized IVF), and anti-stigma campaigns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-28050-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T01:51:53Z","timestamp":1781833913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["More than a medical condition: a theoretical exploration of infertility\u2019s hidden burden"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Pramana","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3576-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"28050_CR1","unstructured":"Infertility. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infertility. Accessed 13 Dec 2023."},{"key":"28050_CR2","unstructured":"Infertility - an. overview | ScienceDirect Topics. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/infertility. Accessed 21 Mar 2025."},{"key":"28050_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4236\/jbm.2022.104014","volume":"10","author":"M Magdum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magdum M, Chowdhury MAT, Begum N, Riya S. Types of Infertility and Its Risk Factors among Infertile Women: A Prospective Study in Dhaka City. J Biosci Med. 2022;10:158\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jbm.2022.104014.","journal-title":"J Biosci Med"},{"key":"28050_CR4","unstructured":"Infertility Prevalence E. 1990\u20132021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/978920068315. Accessed 6 May 2024."},{"key":"28050_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoac051","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","volume":"2022","author":"CM Cox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cox CM, Thoma ME, Tchangalova N, Mburu G, Bornstein MJ, Johnson CL, et al. Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Open. 2022;2022:hoac051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"28050_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang T, Wongpakaran N, Wongpakaran T, Saeng-Anan U, Singhapreecha C, Jenraumjit R, et al. Factors Associated with Depression in Infertile Couples: A Study in Thailand. Healthcare. 2023;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11142004.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11142004"},{"key":"28050_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hocao\u011flu \u00c7. The Psychosocial Aspect of Infertility. Infertility, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Hormone Assays. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.80713","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.80713"},{"key":"28050_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Regmi R, Yadav DK, Tiwari S. Quality of Life and Its Determinants Among Infertile and Non-Infertile Women: A Case-Control Study in Gandaki Province, Nepal. 2024;:2024.01.23.24301664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.01.23.24301664","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.23.24301664"},{"key":"28050_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117557","volume":"365","author":"M Yopo D\u00edaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yopo D\u00edaz M, Watkins L. Beyond the body: Social, structural, and environmental infertility. Soc Sci Med. 2025;365:117557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117557.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"28050_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hadley RA, Mumford C, Carroll M, Wilkinson K. Reproductive capital: theoretical foundations and empirical evidence from the workplace. Front Sociol. 2025;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2025.1608368.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2025.1608368"},{"key":"28050_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29456-8_46-1","volume-title":"Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction","author":"J Fisher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fisher J, Hammarberg K. Psychological Aspects of Infertility Among Men. Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction. Cham: Springer; 2017. pp. 1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-29456-8_46-1."},{"key":"28050_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mefs.2018.03.006","volume":"23","author":"S Maroufizadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maroufizadeh S, Omani-Samani R, Bagheri-Lankarani N, Almasi-Hashiani A, Amini P. Factors associated with poor well-being of infertile people: a cross-sectional study. Middle East Fertility Soc J. 2018;23:468\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mefs.2018.03.006.","journal-title":"Middle East Fertility Soc J"},{"key":"28050_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2014.958789","volume":"41","author":"BH-K Luk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luk BH-K, Loke AY. The Impact of Infertility on the Psychological Well-Being, Marital Relationships, Sexual Relationships, and Quality of Life of Couples: A Systematic Review. J Sex Marital Ther. 2015;41:610\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0092623X.2014.958789.","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"28050_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Biggs A, Brough P, Drummond S. Lazarus and Folkman\u2019s Psychological Stress and Coping Theory. The Handbook of Stress and Health. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2017. pp. 349\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118993811.ch21.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118993811.ch21"},{"key":"28050_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.03.034","volume":"106","author":"MC Inhorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Inhorn MC. Right to assisted reproductive technology: Overcoming infertility in low-resource countries. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2009;106:172\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.03.034.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"28050_CR16","unstructured":"Atewologun D. Intersectionality Theory and Practice. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management."},{"key":"28050_CR17","unstructured":"Hardi A, BeckerGuides. Scoping Review Guide: PCC Question Outline. https:\/\/beckerguides.wustl.edu\/scopingreviews\/PCC. Accessed 8 Feb 2026."},{"key":"28050_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00480.1","volume":"14","author":"J Sukhera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sukhera J, Narrative Reviews. Flexible, Rigorous, and Practical. J Grad Med Educ. 2022;14:414\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00480.1.","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"key":"28050_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"28050_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/2632084320947559","volume":"1","author":"HA Long","year":"2020","unstructured":"Long HA, French DP, Brooks JM. Optimising the value of the critical appraisal skills programme (CASP) tool for quality appraisal in qualitative evidence synthesis. Res Methods Med Health Sci. 2020;1:31\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2632084320947559.","journal-title":"Res Methods Med Health Sci"},{"key":"28050_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1515\/openhe-2022-0022","volume":"3","author":"I Ara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ara I, Maqbool M, Zehravi M. Psychic consequences of infertility on couples: A short commentary. Open Health. 2022;3:114\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/openhe-2022-0022.","journal-title":"Open Health"},{"key":"28050_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thoma M, Fledderjohann J, Cox C, Kantum Adageba R. Biological and Social Aspects of Human Infertility: A Global Perspective. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health. Oxford University Press; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190632366.013.184.","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190632366.013.184"},{"key":"28050_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2016.1222083","volume":"19","author":"ST Arya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arya ST, Dibb B. The experience of infertility treatment: the male perspective. Hum Fertility. 2016;19:242\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14647273.2016.1222083.","journal-title":"Hum Fertility"},{"key":"28050_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2018.20.1\/klrooney","volume":"20","author":"KL Rooney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rooney KL, Domar AD. The relationship between stress and infertility. Dialog Clin Neurosci. 2018;20:41\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31887\/DCNS.2018.20.1\/klrooney.","journal-title":"Dialog Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"28050_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30320","author":"A Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma A, Shrivastava D. Psychological Problems Related to Infertility. Cureus. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.30320.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"28050_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22527","volume":"49","author":"R \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk R, Herbell K, Morton J, Bloom T. The worst time of my life: Treatment-related stress and unmet needs of women living with infertility. J Community Psychol. 2021;49:1121\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.22527.","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"key":"28050_CR27","first-page":"24","volume":"20","author":"ME Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins ME. The Impact of Infertility on Daily Occupations and Roles. J Reprod Infertil. 2019;20:24\u201334.","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertil"},{"key":"28050_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134629","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2022.2134629","volume":"31","author":"T Gerrits","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gerrits T, Kroes H, Russell S, van Rooij F. Breaking the silence around infertility: a scoping review of interventions addressing infertility-related gendered stigmatisation in low- and middle-income countries. Sex Reproductive Health Matters. 2023;31:2134629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26410397.2022.2134629.","journal-title":"Sex Reproductive Health Matters"},{"key":"28050_CR29","unstructured":"Brown S. Exploring the Association Between Female Infertility Stigma, Women\u2019s Cognitions, and Coping Responses. PCOM Psychology Dissertations. 2022."},{"key":"28050_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zou W, Tang,Lu. and Wallis C. My Body is Betraying Me: Exploring the Stigma and Coping Strategies for Infertility Among Women Across Ethnic and Racial Groups. Health Commun 0:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2025.2470984","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2025.2470984"},{"key":"28050_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0032-1","volume":"13","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, Chyatte MR. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reproductive Biology Endocrinol. 2015;13:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-015-0032-1.","journal-title":"Reproductive Biology Endocrinol"},{"key":"28050_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.131599.1","volume":"12","author":"C Pakpahan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pakpahan C, Ibrahim R, William W, Kandar PS, Darmadi D, Khaerana ASTA, et al. Am I Masculine? A metasynthesis of qualitative studies on traditional masculinity on infertility. F1000Res. 2023;12:252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.131599.1.","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"28050_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13038","volume":"42","author":"E Hanna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanna E, Gough B. The social construction of male infertility: a qualitative questionnaire study of men with a male factor infertility diagnosis. Sociol Health Illn. 2020;42:465\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.13038.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"28050_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4274\/tjod.04307","volume":"15","author":"RN Ergin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ergin RN, Polat A, Kars B, \u00d6ztekin D, Sofuo\u011flu K, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan E. Social stigma and familial attitudes related to infertility. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;15:46\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/tjod.04307.","journal-title":"Turk J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"28050_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pinzon M, Rotoli S, Pinzon M, Rotoli S. A Qualitative Exploration of Social Support in Males and Females Experiencing Issues With Infertility. Cureus. 2022;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.29763.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29763"},{"key":"28050_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134629","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2022.2134629","volume":"31","author":"T Gerrits","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gerrits T, Kroes H, Russell S, van Rooij F. Breaking the silence around infertility: a scoping review of interventions addressing infertility-related gendered stigmatisation in low- and middle-income countries. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2023;31:2134629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26410397.2022.2134629.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"28050_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.220099","volume":"41","author":"CJ De Jonge","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Jonge CJ, Gellatly SA, Vazquez-Levin MH, Barratt CLR, Rautakallio-Hokkanen S. Male Attitudes towards Infertility: Results from a Global Questionnaire. World J Mens Health. 2023;41:204\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5534\/wjmh.220099.","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"28050_CR38","first-page":"202","volume":"14","author":"A Aflakseir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aflakseir A, Zarei M. Association between Coping Strategies and Infertility Stress among a Group of Women with Fertility Problem in Shiraz, Iran. J Reprod Infertil. 2013;14:202\u20136.","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertil"},{"key":"28050_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.29.31319","volume":"41","author":"JM Kyei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kyei JM, Manu A, Dwomoh D, Kotoh AM, Agyabeng K, Ankomah A. Ways of coping among women with infertility undergoing assisted reproductive technologies in Ghana. Pan Afr Med J. 2022;41:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.29.31319.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"28050_CR40","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza V, Noronha JA. Social support of infertile women seeking infertility treatment: a cross sectional study. 2014."},{"key":"28050_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-72032013000600004","volume":"35","author":"SMO Gradvohl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gradvohl SMO, Osis MJD, Makuch MY. [Stress of men and women seeking treatment for infertility]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2013;35:255\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0100-72032013000600004.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"key":"28050_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr.2022.113437","volume":"10","author":"LQ Truong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Truong LQ, Luong TB, Tran TH, Dang NH, Nguyen LH, Nguyen TT, et al. Infertility-related stress, social support, and coping of women experiencing infertility in Vietnam. Health Psychol Rep. 2022;10:129\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/hpr.2022.113437.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rep"},{"key":"28050_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.22074\/IJFS.2021.139093.1039","volume":"15","author":"M Taebi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taebi M, Kariman N, Montazeri PD4, Majd A. Infertility Stigma: A Qualitative Study on Feelings and Experiences of Infertile Women. Int J Fertil Steril. 2021;15:189\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22074\/IJFS.2021.139093.1039.","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"28050_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240042","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-24-0042","volume":"5","author":"W Ombelet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ombelet W, Lopes F, Fertility care in low, and middle income countries. Fertility care in low- and middle-income countries. Reprod Fertil. 2024;5:e240042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/RAF-24-0042.","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"28050_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e050528","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050528","volume":"11","author":"P Sripad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sripad P, Desai S, Regules R, Chakraborty S, Habib H, Viloria AR, et al. Exploring experiences of infertility amongst women and men in low-income and middle-income countries: protocol for a qualitative systematic review. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e050528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050528.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"28050_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45009-0_43","volume-title":"Handbook of Global Health","author":"M Withers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Withers M. Infertility Among Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. In: Kickbusch I, Ganten D, Moeti M, editors. Handbook of Global Health. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 885\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-45009-0_43."},{"key":"28050_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab040","volume":"28","author":"A Afferri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Afferri A, Allen H, Booth A, Dierickx S, Pacey A, Balen J. Barriers and facilitators for the inclusion of fertility care in reproductive health policies in Africa: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Hum Reprod Update. 2022;28:190\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmab040.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"28050_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/dewb.12252","volume":"20","author":"DR Hall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hall DR, Hanekom G. Assisted reproduction and justice: Threats to a new model in a low- and middle-income country. Dev World Bioeth. 2020;20:167\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dewb.12252.","journal-title":"Dev World Bioeth"},{"key":"28050_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00617-9","volume":"16","author":"B Morshed-Behbahani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morshed-Behbahani B, Lamyian M, Joulaei H, Rashidi BH, Montazeri A. Infertility policy analysis: a comparative study of selected lower middle- middle- and high-income countries. Global Health. 2020;16:104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-020-00617-9.","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"28050_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e042951","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042951","volume":"10","author":"P Njagi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Njagi P, Groot W, Arsenijevic J, Dyer S, Mburu G, Kiarie J. Economic costs of infertility care for patients in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e042951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042951.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"28050_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.20529\/IJME.2018.030","volume":"3","author":"R Ghoshal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghoshal R. Assisted reproductive technologies: Conundrums and challenges. Indian J Med Ethics. 2018;3:95\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20529\/IJME.2018.030.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Ethics"},{"key":"28050_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5290","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201711_13854","volume":"21","author":"S Zaami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zaami S, Marinelli E, di Luca NM, Montanari Vergallo G. Ethical and medico-legal remarks on uterus transplantation: may it solve uterine factor infertility? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21:5290\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_201711_13854.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28050-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28050-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28050-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:15:53Z","timestamp":1787879753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28050-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28050-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable since this is a narrative review of previously published literature and does not involve any new studies with human participants or animals conducted by the author.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This article does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2474"}}