{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T01:13:10Z","timestamp":1788484390436,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-28070-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T07:45:14Z","timestamp":1782200714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors among patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in southern Iran: a structural equation modeling study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Shamsnia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narges","family":"Mobasheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Kaveh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahin","family":"Nazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"28070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-020-00118-y","volume":"6","author":"GT Flaherty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flaherty GT, et al. COVID-19 in adult patients with pre-existing chronic cardiac, respiratory and metabolic disease: a critical literature review with clinical recommendations. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 2020;6(1):16.","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines"},{"issue":"Supplement_4","key":"28070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv27","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab156","volume":"31","author":"S Cuschieri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuschieri S. Taking care of the ordinary in extraordinary times\u2014delayed routine care means more morbidity and pre-mature mortality. Eur J Public Health. 2021;31(Supplement_4):iv27\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"28070_CR3","unstructured":"Global T, Alert O. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19). Geneva: world health organization, 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"28070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15257-y","volume":"23","author":"JH Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim JH, et al. A longitudinal study of COVID-19 preventive behavior fatigue in Hong Kong: a city with previous pandemic experience. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):618.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"28070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2023.2176910","volume":"26","author":"JW Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim JW, Lee J, Dai Y. Misinformation and the Paradox of Trust during the covid-19 pandemic in the US: pathways to Risk perception and compliance behaviors. J Risk Res. 2023;26(5):469\u201384.","journal-title":"J Risk Res"},{"key":"28070_CR6","volume-title":"World health statistics 2024: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals","author":"WH Organization","year":"2024","unstructured":"Organization WH. World health statistics 2024: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. World Health Organization; 2024."},{"key":"28070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958899","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.958899","volume":"10","author":"H Khankeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khankeh H, et al. Comparison of vaccine hesitancy during the low and high points of COVID-19 in a population under international sanctions: A longitudinal mixed-methods study in Iran. Front Public Health. 2023;10:958899.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"28070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X21000777","volume":"36","author":"M Heidari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heidari M, Jafari H. Challenges of COVID-19 vaccination in Iran: in the fourth wave of pandemic spread. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2021;36(5):659\u201360.","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"28070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07948-w","volume":"22","author":"S Omidvar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Omidvar S, Firouzbakht M. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and determinant factors in the Iranian population: a web-based study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):652.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"42","key":"28070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59953","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14934-y","volume":"28","author":"M Rayani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rayani M, Rayani S, Najafi-Sharjabad F. COVID-19-related knowledge, risk perception, information seeking, and adherence to preventive behaviors among undergraduate students, southern Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021;28(42):59953\u201362.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"28070_CR11","volume-title":"Health promotion & education research methods: using the five chapter thesis\/dissertation model","author":"R Cottrell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cottrell R. Health promotion & education research methods: using the five chapter thesis\/dissertation model. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2010."},{"key":"28070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787929","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.787929","volume":"10","author":"M Tajeri Moghadam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tajeri Moghadam M, et al. Investigating the adoption of precautionary behaviors among young rural adults in South Iran during COVID-19. Front Public Health. 2022;10:787929.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"28070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11983-3","volume":"21","author":"M Karimy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karimy M, et al. Factors related to preventive COVID-19 behaviors using health belief model among general population: a cross-sectional study in Iran. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"28070_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_1441_20","volume":"10","author":"E Arceo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arceo E, et al. Understanding COVID-19 preventive behavior: An application of the health belief model in the Philippine setting. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021;10(1):228.","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Health Promotion"},{"key":"28070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627575","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.627575","volume":"12","author":"JA Karl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karl JA, et al. Testing the effectiveness of the health belief model in predicting preventive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Romania and Italy. Front Psychol. 2022;12:627575.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"28070_CR16","first-page":"9","volume":"1","author":"L Naing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naing L, Winn T, Rusli B. Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Arch Orofac Sci. 2006;1:9\u201314.","journal-title":"Arch Orofac Sci"},{"key":"28070_CR17","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Sample size determination in health studies","author":"SK Lwanga","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S. Sample size determination in health studies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991. p. 1."},{"issue":"1","key":"28070_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21168-3","volume":"25","author":"S Derakhshan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Derakhshan S, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Iran-package of essential non-communicable disease (IraPEN) program in reducing cardiovascular disease risk in pilot areas. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):429.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"28070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-021-00479-3","volume":"12","author":"F Pazan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pazan F, Wehling M. Polypharmacy in older adults: a narrative review of definitions, epidemiology and consequences. European geriatric medicine. 2021;12(3):443\u201352.","journal-title":"European geriatric medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"28070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x","volume":"28","author":"CH Lawshe","year":"1975","unstructured":"Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psychol. 1975;28(4):563\u201375.","journal-title":"Pers Psychol"},{"key":"28070_CR21","volume-title":"Measurement in Nursing and Health Research","author":"C Waltz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Waltz C, Strickland O, Lenz E. Measurement in Nursing and Health Research. New York: Springer; 1991."},{"issue":"5","key":"28070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, et al. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"28070_CR23","unstructured":"Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior. Theory, research, and practice, 2015;5."},{"issue":"1","key":"28070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.31.1.8","volume":"31","author":"ER Buhi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buhi ER, Goodson P, Neilands TB. Structural equation modeling: a primer for health behavior researchers. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31(1):74\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"28070_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m M, G\u00fcler A. COVID-19 severity, self-efficacy, knowledge, preventive behaviors, and mental health in Turkey. Death Stud. 2020;46(4):1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2020.1793434"},{"issue":"4","key":"28070_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250017","volume":"16","author":"T Arslanca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arslanca T, et al. Knowledge, preventive behaviors and risk perception of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Turkish health care workers. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250017.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"28070_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/10901981221076408","volume":"49","author":"LM Hill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hill LM, et al. Barriers to and facilitators of COVID-19 prevention behaviors among North Carolina residents. Health Educ Behav. 2022;49(2):231\u201341.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"28070_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723003227","volume":"54","author":"F Maccallum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maccallum F, et al. The mental health of Australians bereaved during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent class analysis. Psychol Med. 2024;54(7):1361\u201372.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"28070_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7918","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-01211-3","volume":"41","author":"CA Latkin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Latkin CA, et al. Behavioral and psychosocial factors associated with COVID-19 skepticism in the United States. Curr Psychol. 2022;41(11):7918\u201326.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"28070_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315661773","volume-title":"The perception of risk","author":"P Slovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slovic P. Perception of risk. In: The perception of risk. Routledge; 2016. p. 220\u201331."},{"issue":"10","key":"28070_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13852","volume":"42","author":"JCS Wong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong JCS, Yang JZ. Comparative risk: Dread and unknown characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic versus COVID-19 vaccines. Risk Anal. 2022;42(10):2214\u201330.","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"28070_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/17538068.2023.2207246","volume":"16","author":"T Okuhara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okuhara T, Okada H, Kiuchi T. Addressing message fatigue for encouraging COVID-19 vaccination. J Commun Healthc. 2023;16(3):298\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Commun Healthc"},{"issue":"4","key":"28070_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1348\/135910710X485826","volume":"15","author":"A Bish","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bish A, Michie S. Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. Br J Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):797\u2013824.","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"28070_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45221","volume":"16","author":"B-L Zhong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhong B-L, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1745.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"28070_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2023.2181349","volume":"44","author":"M Afshar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Afshar M, et al. Predictors of health behavior compliance for the prevention of Covid-19 based on the extended parallel process model in pregnant women in Iran. Health Care Women Int. 2023;44(7\u20138):1019\u201335.","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"key":"28070_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadesse T, et al. Predictors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention practices using health belief model among employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3751\u20133761.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S275933"},{"key":"28070_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahnazi H, et al. Assessing preventive health behaviors from COVID-19 Based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) among people in Golestan province: A cross-sectional study in Northern Iran. 2020.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-24871\/v1"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28070-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28070-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28070-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:36:24Z","timestamp":1788482184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28070-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28070-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Approval Number: IR.SUMS.REC.1400.305). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable (since no individual person\u2019s data, images, or videos are included in this manuscript).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2535"}}