{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:06:06Z","timestamp":1789005966438,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":76,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-28348-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:35:18Z","timestamp":1782434118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of e-cigarette use and its association with knowledge and attitudes among palestinian medical students and physicians: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5911-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maaweya","family":"Jabareen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9573-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mousa","family":"Humeedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1721-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasef","family":"Alhroub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9786-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Fasfoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3745-6733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham","family":"AlBakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4772-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marah Ghassan","family":"Shareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3589-0891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Hussam","family":"Nairoukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2564-493X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghad Majed","family":"Maraqa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3758-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara Naser","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7005-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Zatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid K. Abu","family":"Sham\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7355-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah A.","family":"Qawasmeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"28348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_235_20","volume":"9","author":"E Habib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habib E, Helaly M, Elshaer A, et al. Prevalence and perceptions of e-cigarette use among medical students in a Saudi University. J Fam Med Prim care. 2020;9:3070\u20135.","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim care"},{"key":"28348_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.007667","volume":"129","author":"R Grana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes: a scientific review. Circulation. 2014;129:1972\u201386.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"28348_CR3","first-page":"100761","volume":"50","author":"A Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown A, Balk SJ. E-Cigarettes and Other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2020;50:100761.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"28348_CR4","first-page":"295","volume":"16","author":"DJ Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao DJ, Aldy K, Hsu S, et al. Review of health consequences of electronic cigarettes and the outbreak of electronic cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury. J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol. 2020;16:295\u2013310.","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol"},{"key":"28348_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Travis N, Knoll M, Cadham CJ et al. Health effects of electronic cigarettes: an umbrella review and methodological considerations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159054.\u00a0Epub ahead of print July 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159054"},{"key":"28348_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.8950","volume":"314","author":"AM Leventhal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Kirkpatrick MG, et al. Association of electronic cigarette use with initiation of combustible tobacco product smoking in early adolescence. JAMA. 2015;314:700\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"28348_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0332160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332160","volume":"20","author":"NA Gebeyehu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gebeyehu NA, Gelaw KA, Atalay YA, et al. Global prevalence of e-cigarette use among students: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2025;20:e0332160.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"28348_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00998-w","volume":"80","author":"H Tehrani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tehrani H, Rajabi A, Ghelichi-Ghojogh M, et al. The prevalence of electronic cigarettes vaping globally: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Public Health. 2022;80:240.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"28348_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.11042","volume":"69","author":"FP Bruno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bruno FP, Degani-Costa LH, Kandipudi KLP, et al. Medical trainees\u2019 knowledge and attitudes towards electronic cigarettes and hookah: a multinational survey study. Respir Care. 2024;69:306\u201316.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"28348_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alasmari AM, Alzahrani AA, Philip KEJ et al. Usage patterns, knowledge, and attitudes of healthcare providers regarding e-cigarettes: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Tob Induc Dis. 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18332\/tid\/205871.\u00a0Epub ahead of print 2025.","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/205871"},{"key":"28348_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827089","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.827089","volume":"10","author":"S Alsanea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alsanea S, Alrabiah Z, Samreen S, et al. Prevalence, knowledge and attitude toward electronic cigarette use among male health colleges students in Saudi Arabia-A cross-sectional study. Front public Heal. 2022;10:827089.","journal-title":"Front public Heal"},{"key":"28348_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshanberi AM, Baljoon T, Bokhari A et al. The prevalence of E-cigarette uses among medical students at Umm Al-Qura University; a cross-sectional study 2020. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2021;10. https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/jfmpc\/fulltext\/2021\/10090\/the_prevalence_of_e_cigarette_uses_among_medical.46.aspx.","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1496_20"},{"key":"28348_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080881","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080881","volume":"14","author":"Z Nazzal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nazzal Z, Maraqa B, Azizeh R, et al. Exploring the prevalence, knowledge, attitudes and influencing factors of e-cigarette use among university students in Palestine: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2024;14:e080881.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"28348_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302946","volume":"19","author":"M Ghanim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghanim M, Rabayaa M, Abuawad M, et al. E-cigarette use among university students in Palestine: Prevalence, knowledge, and determinant factors. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0302946.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"28348_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20132-4","volume":"15","author":"M Rabayaa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rabayaa M, Ghanim M, Alqub M, et al. Assessment of the prevalence, knowledge, and perceptions of e-cigarette use among the Palestinian community: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2025;15:36229.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"28348_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/ime4020008","volume":"4","author":"H Hall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hall H, Feest J, Zarate S, et al. Medical students\u2019 knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward vaping and e-cigarette use: an assessment of their education and preparedness. Int Med Educ. 2025;4:8.","journal-title":"Int Med Educ"},{"key":"28348_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-024-00177-5","volume":"99","author":"OA Mostafa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mostafa OA, Taha MA. Knowledge, attitude, and use of electronic cigarettes among Cairo University medical students. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2024;99:29.","journal-title":"J Egypt Public Health Assoc"},{"key":"28348_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu204","volume":"17","author":"J Foulds","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foulds J, Veldheer S, Yingst J, et al. Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking e-cigarette users. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17:186\u201392.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"28348_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dilektasli AG, Guclu OA, Ozpehlivan A et al. Electronic cigarette use and consumption patterns in medical university students. Front Public Heal. 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1403737.\u00a0 Epub ahead of print 30 September 2024.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1403737"},{"key":"28348_CR20","unstructured":"(PCBS) PCB of S. Smoking and tobacco consumption survey 2021 (PCBS). 2022 https:\/\/www.pcbs.gov.ps\/portals\/_pcbs\/PressRelease\/Press_En_SmokingSurv2022E.pdf."},{"key":"28348_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1134-1","volume":"18","author":"K Hinderaker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hinderaker K, Power DV, Allen S, et al. What do medical students know about e-cigarettes? A cross-sectional survey from one U.S. medical school. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18:32.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"28348_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162557","volume":"11","author":"JH Hwang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hwang JH, Park S-W. Association between peer cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette smoking among adolescent nonsmokers: a national representative survey. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:1\u201312.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"28348_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0760","volume":"135","author":"TA Wills","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wills TA, Knight R, Williams RJ, et al. Risk factors for exclusive e-cigarette use and dual e-cigarette use and tobacco use in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e43\u201351.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"28348_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107375","volume":"133","author":"K Gali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gali K, Kastaun S, Pischke CR, et al. Trends and consumption patterns in the use of e-cigarettes among adolescents and young adults in Germany (the DEBRA study). Addict Behav. 2022;133:107375.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"28348_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bro\u017cek GM, Jankowski M, Lawson JA et al. The prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette smoking among students in central and eastern europe-results of the YUPESS Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16132297.\u00a0Epub ahead of print June 2019.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132297"},{"key":"28348_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.05.009","volume":"65","author":"LH Degani-Costa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Degani-Costa LH, Bruno FP, Gushken F, et al. Vaping and hookah use among medical trainees: a multinational survey study. Am J Prev Med. 2023;65:940\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"28348_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X699821","volume":"69","author":"M Stepney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stepney M, Aveyard P, Begh R, GPs\u2019. nurses\u2019 perceptions of electronic cigarettes in England: a qualitative interview study. Br J Gen Pract J R Coll Gen Pract. 2019;69:e8\u201314.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract J R Coll Gen Pract"},{"key":"28348_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051122","volume":"23","author":"JK Pepper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pepper JK, Brewer NT. Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review. Tob Control. 2014;23:375\u201384.","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"28348_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu257","volume":"17","author":"G Kong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kong G, Morean ME, Cavallo DA, et al. Reasons for electronic cigarette experimentation and discontinuation among adolescents and young adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17:847\u201354.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"28348_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2017.07.023","volume":"9","author":"AM Franks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franks AM, Hawes WA, McCain KR, et al. Electronic cigarette use, knowledge, and perceptions among health professional students. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2017;9:1003\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"key":"28348_CR31","first-page":"6322","volume":"25","author":"WS Zgliczy\u0144ski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zgliczy\u0144ski WS, Jankowski M, Rostkowska O, et al. Knowledge and beliefs of e-cigarettes among physicians in Poland. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 2019;25:6322\u201330.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"28348_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10122420","volume":"10","author":"S AlMuhaissen","year":"2022","unstructured":"AlMuhaissen S, Mohammad H, Dabobash A, et al. Prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes among health professions students toward the use of electronic cigarettes. Healthcare. 2022;10:2420.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"28348_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8381-x","volume":"20","author":"H Aghar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aghar H, El-Khoury N, Reda M, et al. Knowledge and attitudes towards E-cigarette use in Lebanon and their associated factors. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:278.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"28348_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0244-8","volume":"15","author":"H Farrimond","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farrimond H, Abraham C. Developing E-cigarette friendly smoking cessation services in England: staff perspectives. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15:38.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"28348_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2016.06.160092","volume":"29","author":"C Kollath-Cattano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kollath-Cattano C, Thrasher JF, Osman A, et al. Physician advice for e-cigarette use. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29:741\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"28348_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2017.04.170084","volume":"30","author":"S Ofei-Dodoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ofei-Dodoo S, Kellerman R, Nilsen K, et al. Family physicians perceptions of electronic cigarettes in tobacco use counseling. J Am Board Fam Med. 2017;30:448\u201359.","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"28348_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.031","volume":"60","author":"S Cummins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cummins S, Leischow S, Bailey L, et al. Knowledge and beliefs about electronic cigarettes among quitline cessation staff. Addict Behav. 2016;60:78\u201383.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"28348_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-022-00448-1","volume":"9","author":"SRM Coleman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coleman SRM, Piper ME, Byron MJ, et al. Dual use of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes: a narrative review of current evidence. Curr Addict Rep. 2022;9:353\u201362.","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"28348_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamoud J, Hanewinkel R, Andreas S et al. A systematic review investigating the impact of dual use of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes on smoking cessation. ERJ open Res; 11. Epub ahead of print May 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00902-2024","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00902-2024"},{"key":"28348_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and M. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/24952.\u00a0Epub ahead of print 2018.","DOI":"10.17226\/24952"},{"key":"28348_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.36","volume":"14","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Fraiman JB. Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14:447\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"28348_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.04.006","volume":"30","author":"HR Middlekauff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Middlekauff HR. Cardiovascular impact of electronic-cigarette use. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30:133\u201340.","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"28348_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.26719\/2025.31.4.285","volume":"31","author":"T Gatehouse","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gatehouse T, Obeidat NAAR. Tobacco control in the State of Palestine during wartime. East Mediterr Health J. 2025;31(4):285\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/2025.31.4.285. Epub ahead of print 2025.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"28348_CR44","unstructured":"Media D. Cross-War Cigarettes: Smoking and Smuggling Rates Soar in Palestine as the Healthcare Crisis Deepens. 2024 https:\/\/daraj.media\/en\/cross-war-cigarettes-smoking-and-smuggling-rates-soar-in-palestine-as-the-healthcare-crisis-deepens\/."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28348-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28348-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28348-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:08:36Z","timestamp":1789002516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28348-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28348-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Hebron university. Participation was voluntary, and electronic informed consent was obtained prior to initiating the questionnaire The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2567"}}