{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:47:58Z","timestamp":1792003678485,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":88,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AI16397801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AI16397801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AI16397801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AI16397801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AI16397801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AI16397801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abrupt changes in mortality rates and life expectancy provide critical insights into how crises like COVID-19 exacerbate health inequalities across demographic groups. Washington, DC, a city marked by substantial socioeconomic and racial diversity, is a valuable case study to examine the pandemic\u2019s impact. Data on all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and life expectancy highlight how pre-existing disparities have widened across sociodemographic groups relative to pre-pandemic levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed death certificates from 2015 to 2021 obtained from the DC Department of Health\u2019s Vital Records, alongside annual estimates from the Census Bureau\u2019s American Community Survey. Mortality rate trends were assessed by age, sex, race\/ethnicity, and geographic location of residence with comparisons anchored in the 2015\u20132019 baseline period. Using a life table approach, we estimated years of lost life expectancy (LLE) attributable to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2020 and 2021, Washington, DC experienced 1,128 and 629 excess deaths, respectively, compared to the annual average over the preceding five years (158 and 94 per 100,000 population). Of these, 689 and 363 deaths were directly attributed to COVID-19 (97 and 54 per 100,000). Accidental and violent deaths disproportionately increased among specific racial and ethnic groups. Excess mortality rates were higher among men than women by approximately 12 and 5% points in 2020 and 2021, with the majority occurring in residents aged 45 and older. Black and Hispanic residents faced significantly elevated excess death rates\u2014286 and 97 per 100,000, respectively\u2014while Hispanic residents experienced the largest proportional increase in 2020, nearly doubling their pre-pandemic rates. Life expectancy in DC declined by 2.7 years in 2020, exceeding the national decline of 1.8 years. The greatest LLE was observed in Hispanic males, while White females experienced the lowest LLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Local-level sociodemographic analyses uncover intersectional health inequalities often obscured in national statistics. The demographic disparities in life expectancy observed in Washington, DC underscore deepening longevity gaps with profound intergenerational consequences beyond the immediate morbidity and mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-28352-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:59:59Z","timestamp":1784293199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Death, inequality, and the pandemic in the nation\u2019s capital"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Alva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srujana S.","family":"Illa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaren","family":"Haber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"28352_CR1","unstructured":"CDC, COVID Data Tracker. 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