{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:52:16Z","timestamp":1791474736556,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-28453-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:25:11Z","timestamp":1784071511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in Bangladesh: identifying gaps in awareness and misinformation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Raaj Kishore","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awan","family":"Afiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Hasibul Islam","family":"Jitu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmin","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enamul","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahar","family":"Bhowmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Koemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"28453_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2017.03.004","volume":"26","author":"Y Goryakin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goryakin Y, Rocco L, Suhrcke M. The contribution of urbanization to non-communicable diseases: evidence from 173 countries from 1980 to 2008. Econ Hum Biol. 2017;26:151\u201363.","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biol"},{"key":"28453_CR2","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Results https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results\/ (2024)."},{"key":"28453_CR3","unstructured":"The World Health Organization. World Health Organization Health Data Hub: Bangladesh. 2021; https:\/\/data.who.int\/countries\/050."},{"key":"28453_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019002611","volume":"22","author":"RK Biswas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biswas RK, Rahman N, Khanam R, Baqui AH, Ahmed S. Double burden of underweight and overweight among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22:3163\u201374.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"28453_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-020-00143-1","volume":"26","author":"MZI Chowdhury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chowdhury MZI, et al. Hypertension prevalence and its trend in Bangladesh: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Hypertens. 2020;26:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"28453_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267243","volume":"17","author":"NJ Sathi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sathi NJ, Islam MA, Ahmed MS, Islam SMS. Prevalence, trends and associated factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: Evidence from BHDS 2011 and 2017\u201318. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0267243.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"28453_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2021.100180","volume":"2","author":"S Ether","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ether S, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM. A systematic rapid review on quality of care among non-communicable diseases (NCDs) service delivery in South Asia. Public Health Pract. 2021;2:100180.","journal-title":"Public Health Pract"},{"key":"28453_CR8","unstructured":"DHS. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. 2024; https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/."},{"key":"28453_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ElSayed NA. et al. 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142025. Diabetes Care. 2025; 48, S27\u2013S49.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S002"},{"key":"28453_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.24173","volume":"82","author":"CP McCarthy","year":"2024","unstructured":"McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Rahimi K, Touyz RM, McEvoy JW. What is new and different in the 2024 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension? Hypertension. 2024;82:432\u201344.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"28453_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10815","volume":"71","author":"C Tsioufis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsioufis C, Thomopoulos C, Kreutz R. Treatment thresholds and targets in hypertension. Hypertension. 2018;71:966\u20138.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"28453_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00157-8","volume":"12","author":"R Taylor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taylor R. Understanding the cause of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12:664\u201373.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"28453_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1363","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00280-2","volume":"11","author":"S Ochmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ochmann S, et al. Diagnostic testing for hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolaemia in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of data for 994 185 individuals from 57 nationally representative surveys. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11:e1363\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"28453_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1198\/106186006X133933","volume":"15","author":"T Hothorn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hothorn T, Hornik K, Zeileis A. Unbiased recursive partitioning: a conditional inference framework. J Comput Graph Stat. 2006;15:651\u201374.","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"key":"28453_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manda S, Haushona N & Bergquist R. A Scoping Review of Spatial Analysis Approaches Using Health Survey Data in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17: 3070.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093070"},{"key":"28453_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abate BJ, Melesse AW, Alemaw HB & Agimas MC. Spatial Variation, Pooled Prevalence, and its Associated Factor of Perinatal Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey 2015\u20132023: A Geospatial Regression Approach. 2024; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/SSRN.4982177.","DOI":"10.2139\/SSRN.4982177"},{"key":"28453_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac105","volume":"45","author":"RK Biswas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biswas RK, Farzana M, Bhar S, Bhowmik J. Contraceptive use in South and South-East Asian region: assessment of sustainable development goal 3.7 through indicator 3.7.1. J Public Health (Oxf). 2023;45:450\u201361.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"28453_CR18","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Open J Stat. 2023;13."},{"key":"28453_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.3.305","volume":"25","author":"VL Burt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burt VL, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305\u201313.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"28453_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","volume":"42","author":"AV Chobanian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chobanian AV, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206\u201352.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"28453_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkamel A, Hassan MS, Gomes RFL, Bhuiyan MAH & Rahman MT. Land Use and the Climatic Determinants of Population Exposure to PM2.5 in Central Bangladesh. Pollutants. 2023; 3: 381\u2013395.","DOI":"10.3390\/pollutants3030026"},{"key":"28453_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12381","volume":"25","author":"FM Yunus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yunus FM, et al. How many hours do people sleep in Bangladesh? A country\u2010representative survey. J Sleep Res. 2016;25:365\u201376.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"28453_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2012","volume":"35","author":"S Stranges","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stranges S, Tigbe W, G\u00f3mez-Oliv\u00e9 FX, Thorogood M, Kandala NB. Sleep problems: an emerging global epidemic? Findings from the INDEPTH WHO-SAGE study among more than 40,000 older adults from 8 countries across Africa and Asia. Sleep. 2012;35:1173\u201381.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"28453_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae173","volume":"45","author":"L Fontana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fontana L. From chronic disease to chronic health: the evolving role of doctors in the 21st century. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:2584\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"28453_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alam SMN & Naser MN. Nutritional and health issues in Bangladesh and solutions through traditional foods. Nutritional and Health Aspects of Food in South Asian Countries 237\u2013254. 2020; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-820011-7.00026-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820011-7.00026-5"},{"key":"28453_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14365","volume":"23","author":"K Ghimire","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghimire K, et al. Salt intake and salt-reduction strategies in South Asia: from evidence to action. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23:1815\u201329.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"28453_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naser AM, et al. Past Sodium Intake, Contemporary Sodium Intake, and Cardiometabolic Health in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014978"},{"key":"28453_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-019-09532-3","volume":"38","author":"RK Biswas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biswas RK, Kabir E, Khan HTA. Causes of urban migration in Bangladesh: evidence from the Urban Health Survey. Popul Res Policy Rev. 2019;38:593\u2013614.","journal-title":"Popul Res Policy Rev"},{"key":"28453_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzy091","volume":"3","author":"JL Waid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waid JL, et al. Dietary patterns and determinants of changing diets in Bangladesh from 1985 to 2010. Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3:nzy091.","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"28453_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2243","volume":"7","author":"RK Biswas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biswas RK, Chowdhury S, Hossain S, Chowdhury PB. Hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in Bangladesh: evaluating role of physical activity from cross-sectional STEPS 2018 survey. Health Sci Rep. 2024;7:e2243.","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"28453_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman FI, Aziz F, Huque S & Ether SA. Medication Understanding and Health Literacy among Patients with Multiple Chronic Conditions: A Study Conducted in Bangladesh. J Public Health Res. 2020; 9.","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2020.1792"},{"key":"28453_CR32","unstructured":"Sayed MI & Mamun-ur-Rashid M. Factors influencing e-Health service in regional Bangladesh. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2021; 15: 12."},{"key":"28453_CR33","unstructured":"Smartphone users rise, TV ownership falls below 50% in Bangladesh | The Business Standard. https:\/\/www.tbsnews.net\/bangladesh\/smartphone-users-rise-tv-ownership-falls-below-50-bangladesh-815446."},{"key":"28453_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman S, Amit S & Kafy A. Al. Gender disparity in telehealth usage in Bangladesh during COVID-19. SSM - Mental Health. 2022; 2: 100054.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2021.100054"},{"key":"28453_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000891","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed N, et al. Diabetes knowledge and care practices among adults in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Glob Health. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000891.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"28453_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabir H, Hasan Md. K, Jamil S, Chowdhury SR & Mitra DK. Knowledge, perceived benefits, perceived concerns, and predisposition to use telehealth services in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Digital Health. 2024;2:(1 2): 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1186\/s44247-024-00106-8"},{"key":"28453_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choudhury, N. Engagement with Mhealth: Experiences of Young Women in Bangladesh. Mobile Storytelling in an Age of Smartphones 135\u2013150 (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-87247-2_10\/TABLES\/1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87247-2_10\/TABLES\/1"},{"key":"28453_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01182","volume":"106","author":"A Siddique","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siddique A, Rahman T, Pakrashi D, Islam A, Ahmed F. Raising health awareness in rural communities: a randomized experiment in Bangladesh and India. Rev Econ Stat. 2024;106:638\u201354.","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"key":"28453_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4097-y","volume":"17","author":"S Das","year":"2017","unstructured":"Das S, Mia MN, Hanifi SMA, Hoque S, Bhuiya A. Health literacy in a community with low levels of education: findings from Chakaria, a rural area of Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"28453_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.035818","volume":"13","author":"G Anaya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anaya G, et al. Optimal instruments for measurement of dietary intake, physical activity, and sleep among adults in population-based studies: report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13:e035818.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28453-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28453-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28453-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:02:30Z","timestamp":1791471750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28453-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28453-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants that was conducted by any of the authors. In this study anonymised secondary data was obtained from the MEASURE Evaluation, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). All respondents were de-identified before publishing the data. All participants provided written consent to the DHS team during data collection. Views expressed in this study do not necessarily reflect those of USAID, the US government, or MEASURE Evaluation. The secondary datasets analysed in the current study are freely available upon request from the DHS website (\n                      \n                      ). The authors obtained permission for this project from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program authority.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2883"}}