{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:37:38Z","timestamp":1792723058446,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institutional Research Fund Project of Gansu Provincial Hospital","award":["25GSSYA-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25GSSYA-23"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Talent Program","award":["QNJY2024051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QNJY2024051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-28640-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:04:56Z","timestamp":1785240296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of nocturnal lifestyle with overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study based on SHOOW (Shanghai Overweight\/Obesity and Wellness Study) cohort"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Huaifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiatian","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"28640_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight fact sheet. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/zh\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 10 Mar 2026."},{"issue":"8","key":"28640_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae025","volume":"31","author":"A Welsh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Welsh A, Hammad M, Pi\u00f1a IL, Kulinski J. Obesity and cardiovascular health. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31(8):1026\u201335.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"28640_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00627-6","volume":"18","author":"VS Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik VS, Hu FB. The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(4):205\u201318.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"28640_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12848","volume":"20","author":"P Molina-Garcia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Molina-Garcia P, Migueles JH, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Esteban-Cornejo I, Mora-Gonzalez J, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Plaza-Florido A, Vanrenterghem J, Ortega FB. A systematic review on biomechanical characteristics of walking in children and adolescents with overweight\/obesity: Possible implications for the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Obes Rev. 2019;20(7):1033\u201344.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"28640_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.17312","volume":"292","author":"E Solsona-Vilarrasa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Solsona-Vilarrasa E, Vousden KH. Obesity, white adipose tissue and cancer. FEBS J. 2025;292(9):2189\u2013207.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03546-1","volume":"22","author":"W Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang W, Gan Z, Gao Z, Lin Q, Li X, Xie W, Gao Z, Zhou Z, Qiu Z, Qiu W, et al. Discrepancies between general and central obesity in arterial stiffness: observational studies and Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):325.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"28640_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3707","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3707","volume":"39","author":"P Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong P, Tan S, Zhu Z, Zhu Z, Liang Y, Huang W, Wang W. Normal-weight central obesity and risk of cardiovascular and microvascular events in adults with prediabetes or diabetes: Chinese and British cohorts. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023;39(8):e3707.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01764-5","volume":"24","author":"S Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu S, Kuang M, Qiu J, Li W, Zhang M, Sheng G, Zou Y, Peng X. Lipids as the link between central obesity and diabetes: perspectives from mediation analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024;24(1):229.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2454753","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.54753","volume":"8","author":"F Safizadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Safizadeh F, Mandic M, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Colorectal Cancer and Central Obesity. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(1):e2454753.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"28640_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119107","volume":"402","author":"Z Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu Z, Liang R, Chen Y, Shi W, Zeng L, Li C, Li G, Ran Y, Tang Z, Xu J, et al. Sagittal abdominal diameter: A novel and potentially superior indicator than waist circumference for diagnosis of central obesity, based on evidence from multiple data sources. Atherosclerosis. 2025;402:119107.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13759-9","volume":"22","author":"Y Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan Y, Wu T, Zhang M, Li C, Liu Q, Li F. Prevalence, awareness and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors in Chinese elderly population. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1382.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02585-5","volume":"30","author":"T Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu T, Liang W, Xu F, Wu Y, Su J, Li C, Ren W, Shi L. Effects of beinaglutide on visceral fat area and gut microbiota in obesity. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):448.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05521-0","volume":"24","author":"Z Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang Z, Jin W, Huang L, Chen H. Body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, abdominal volume index, and cognitive function in older Chinese people: a nationwide study. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):925.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"28640_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00747-7","volume":"19","author":"JP Chaput","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaput JP, McHill AW, Cox RC, Broussard JL, Dutil C, da Costa BGG, Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Wright KP Jr. The role of insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment in obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023;19(2):82\u201397.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"28640_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S350347","volume":"15","author":"M Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu M, Chattopadhyay K, Qian X, Li J, Li X, Sun J, Li L. Association Between Nocturnal Sleep Duration and Obesity Indicators Among People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ningbo, China. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022;15:1357\u201364.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"6","key":"28640_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab079","volume":"80","author":"M Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou M, Northstone K, Perry R, Johnson L, Leary S. The association between later eating rhythm and adiposity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2022;80(6):1459\u201379.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"28640_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551099","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1551099","volume":"13","author":"X Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan X, Jiang C, Wang W, Lin J. Lifestyle factors associated with being overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang, China. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1551099.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01757-4","volume":"24","author":"L Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng L, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Wang N, Jin M, Mao W, Zhu G, Wang D, Liang J, Shen B, et al. The associations of insulin resistance, obesity, and lifestyle with the risk of developing hyperuricaemia in adolescents. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024;24(1):220.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13467","volume":"1411","author":"C McCuen-Wurst","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCuen-Wurst C, Ruggieri M, Allison KC. Disordered eating and obesity: associations between binge-eating disorder, night-eating syndrome, and weight-related comorbidities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1411(1):96\u2013105.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"28640_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100220","volume":"28","author":"J Lyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lyu J, Lee K, Jung S, Park YJ. Associations of meal timing and sleep duration with incidence of obesity: a prospective cohort study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2024;28(6):100220.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"28640_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043392","volume":"24","author":"OH Mel\u00e9ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mel\u00e9ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez OH, Liu JA, Nelson RJ. Circadian Rhythms Disrupted by Light at Night and Mistimed Food Intake Alter Hormonal Rhythms and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3392.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"28640_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa354","volume":"105","author":"C Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu C, Brereton N, Schweitzer A, Cotter M, Duan D, B\u00f8rsheim E, Wolfe RR, Pham LV, Polotsky VY, Jun JC. Metabolic Effects of Late Dinner in Healthy Volunteers-A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(8):2789\u2013802.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"28640_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2024.114562","volume":"280","author":"AS Sa\u2019ari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sa\u2019ari AS, Hamid MRA, \u2018Ain Azizan N, Ismail NH. Examining the evidence between screen time and night eating behaviour with dietary intake related to metabolic syndrome: A narrative review. Physiol Behav. 2024;280:114562.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"28640_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2025.101628","volume":"51","author":"Q Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Q, Chen H, Deng H, Zhang M, Hu H, Ouyang H, Ma L, Liu R, Sun J, Hu G, et al. Association of daily sleep duration with risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and adverse liver outcomes. Diabetes Metab. 2025;51(3):101628.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"28640_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082018-124258","volume":"41","author":"HS Dashti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dashti HS, Ordov\u00e1s JM. Genetics of Sleep and Insights into Its Relationship with Obesity. Annu Rev Nutr. 2021;41:223\u201352.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2021.10.009","volume":"17","author":"JH Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee JH, Cho J. Sleep and Obesity. Sleep Med Clin. 2022;17(1):111\u20136.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"28640_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-025-01078-8","volume":"35","author":"LQ Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie LQ, Hu B, Lu RB, Cheng YL, Chen X, Wen J, Xiao Y, An YZ, Peng N, Dai Y, et al. Raptin, a sleep-induced hypothalamic hormone, suppresses appetite and obesity. Cell Res. 2025;35(3):165\u201385.","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"28640_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23616","volume":"31","author":"LT van Egmond","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Egmond LT, Meth EMS, Engstr\u00f6m J, Ilemosoglou M, Keller JA, Vogel H, Benedict C. Effects of acute sleep loss on leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin in adults with healthy weight and obesity: A laboratory study. Obes (Silver Spring). 2023;31(3):635\u201341.","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"28640_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127292","volume":"268","author":"DF Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang DF, Huang WC, Wu CW, Huang CY, Yang YSH, Tung YT. Acute sleep deprivation exacerbates systemic inflammation and psychiatry disorders through gut microbiota dysbiosis and disruption of circadian rhythms. Microbiol Res. 2023;268:127292.","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"28640_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101875","volume":"73","author":"EL Gale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gale EL, James Williams A, Cecil JE. The relationship between multiple sleep dimensions and obesity in adolescents: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2024;73:101875.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"28640_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01324-2","volume":"47","author":"L Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang L, Han S, Miao C, Lou H, Gao G, Lou X, Hao C, Wang X. Associations of multiple sleep dimensions with overall and abdominal obesity among children and adolescents: a population-based cross-sectional study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2023;47(9):817\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"28640_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.8098","volume":"182","author":"E Tasali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tasali E, Wroblewski K, Kahn E, Kilkus J, Schoeller DA. Effect of Sleep Extension on Objectively Assessed Energy Intake Among Adults With Overweight in Real-life Settings: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(4):365\u201374.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6262-3","volume":"18","author":"J Yoshida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoshida J, Eguchi E, Nagaoka K, Ito T, Ogino K. Association of night eating habits with metabolic syndrome and its components: a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1366.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"28640_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12671","volume":"32","author":"R An","year":"2019","unstructured":"An R, Shi Y, Clarke C, Zhang S. Night-time eating and body weight status among US adults, 2007\u20132016. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2019;32(6):754\u201364.","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"11","key":"28640_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115116","volume":"26","author":"SA Fuad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fuad SA, Ginting RP, Lee MW, Chrononutrition. Potential, Challenges, and Application in Managing Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(11):5116.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"28640_CR36","first-page":"21r03062","volume":"24","author":"T Lepley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lepley T, Schwager Z, Khalid Z. Identification and Management of Night Eating Syndrome in the Adolescent and Young Adult Population. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2022;24(1):21r03062.","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"28640_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101700","volume":"66","author":"M Morrison","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morrison M, Halson SL, Weakley J, Hawley JA. Sleep, circadian biology and skeletal muscle interactions: Implications for metabolic health. Sleep Med Rev. 2022;66:101700.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"28640_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2005.01467.x","volume":"184","author":"JA Levine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Levine JA, Kotz CM. NEAT\u2013non-exercise activity thermogenesis\u2013egocentric & geocentric environmental factors vs. biological regulation. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005;184(4):309\u201318.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"28640_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1393511","volume":"34","author":"ZA Al-Safi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Safi ZA, Polotsky A, Chosich J, Roth L, Allshouse AA, Bradford AP, Santoro N. Evidence for disruption of normal circadian cortisol rhythm in women with obesity. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018;34(4):336\u201340.","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"28640_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0291799","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291799","volume":"18","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang M, Lu X, Zheng X, Xu C, Liu J. The relationship between sleep duration and thyroid function in the adult US population: NHANES 2007\u20132012. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(9):e0291799.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"28640_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1573403X356019","DOI":"10.2174\/011573403X356019250118170444","volume":"21","author":"P Roy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roy P, Kant R, Kaur A, Kumar H, Kumar R. Leptin Resistance and Cardiometabolic Disorders: Bridging Molecular Pathways, Genetic Variants, and Therapeutic Innovation. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2025;21(5):e1573403X356019.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28640-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28640-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28640-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:44:47Z","timestamp":1792719887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28640-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28640-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study followed the ethical principles of the\n                      Declaration of Helsinki\n                      and the\n                      Guidelines for Ethical Review of Clinical Trials in China\n                      . This study has been reviewed by the Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and was recognized as meeting the conditions for ethical exemption, waiving the requirement for written informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"3050"}}